# Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Leptospira Hardjo among commercial dairy cattle farms of Rupandehi district, Nepal

## TL;DR

This study finds that leptospirosis is present in dairy cattle in Nepal, with larger farms and those buying cattle at higher risk, highlighting the need for better disease control.

## Contribution

This is the first study to evaluate leptospirosis risk factors in cattle in Nepal.

## Key findings

- The farm-level seroprevalence of leptospirosis was 4.85%, and animal-level was 3.81%.
- Larger farms and those purchasing cattle had significantly higher odds of leptospirosis.
- A One Health approach is recommended to manage the zoonotic disease effectively.

## Abstract

Nepal relies on an agrarian-based economy, with the livestock sector contributing significantly to the national GDP. However, diseases like leptospirosis negatively impact cattle production and pose significant zoonotic risks. This study represents the first attempt to evaluate the risk factors of leptospirosis in cattle in Nepal. A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2019 to April 2020 in 14 administrative units of the Rupandehi district. A total of 367 blood samples were collected from 206 cattle farms using a proportionate sampling procedure. An indirect ELISA was used to detect specific antibodies in serum samples against Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo. Farm management practices and knowledge of zoonotic diseases were assessed through interviews with animal owners from the 206 cattle farms. Regression analyses were conducted to analyze the herd and farm level risk factors.

The overall farm-level seroprevalence of leptospirosis was 4.85% (95% CI: 2.35–8.75), while the animal-level seroprevalence was 3.81% (95% CI: 2.10–6.30). Using multivariable logistic regression analysis, we found that farms with purchased cattle (farms that regularly introduce cattle from other farms) had a borderline significant increase in odds of leptospirosis (OR: 7.25, 95% CI: 0.88–59.46, p = 0.065) compared to farms that only keep home-bred cattle. Additionally, larger farms (> 10 animals) were significantly associated with increased odds of leptospirosis (OR: 13.34, 95% CI: 1.64–108.42, p = 0.015) compared to smaller farms (≤ 10 animals). At the animal level, no statistically significant difference was observed in the multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression model, which included farm as a random effect.

The detection of farms with positive serum samples highlights the persistent threat of leptospirosis to cattle production and its occupational hazards within Nepal’s dairy sector. Farm-level risk factors, such farms with purchased cattle and larger farm sizes, emphasize the need for targeted control measures. Given the zoonotic nature of the disease and its ecological complexity involving multiple hosts, a One Health approach is essential. Collaborative efforts among stakeholders are needed to develop evidence-based policies, strengthen health system preparedness, and implement practical interventions that reduce transmission risks and the overall disease burden in both human and animal populations across the country.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-025-04882-x.