# The genome of a sea spider corroborates a shared Hox cluster motif in arthropods with a reduced posterior tagma

## TL;DR

This study provides the first high-quality genome of a sea spider, revealing insights into chelicerate evolution and shared genetic patterns in arthropods.

## Contribution

The study presents the first chromosome-level genome of a sea spider and identifies a shared Hox cluster motif in arthropods with reduced posterior body regions.

## Key findings

- The Pycnogonum litorale genome lacks evidence of whole-genome duplication and contains a single Hox cluster missing Abdominal-A.
- The absence of Abdominal-A correlates with reduced posterior tagma, a pattern shared with other arthropods.
- The genome assembly and transcriptomic resources establish sea spiders as key for studying chelicerate evolution.

## Abstract

Chelicerate evolution is contentiously debated, with recent studies challenging traditional phylogenetic hypotheses and scenarios of major evolutionary events, like terrestrialization. Sea spiders (Pycnogonida) represent the uncontested marine sister group of all other chelicerates, featuring a—likely plesiomorphic—indirect development. Accordingly, pycnogonids hold the potential to provide crucial insight into the evolution of chelicerate genomes and body patterning. Due to the lack of high-quality genomic and transcriptomic resources, however, this potential remains largely unexplored.

We employ long-read sequencing and proximity ligation data to assemble the first near chromosome-level sea spider genome for Pycnogonum litorale, complemented by comprehensive transcriptomic resources. The assembly has a size of 471 Mb in 57 pseudochromosomes, a repeat content of 61.05%, 15,372 predicted protein-coding genes, and robust completeness scores (95.8% BUSCO Arthropoda score, 95.7% of conserved microRNA families). Genome-scale self-synteny and homeobox gene cluster analysis show no evidence of a whole-genome duplication (WGD). We identify a single, intact Hox cluster lacking Abdominal-A (abdA/Hox9), corroborated by the absence of an abdA ortholog in the novel transcriptomic resources.

Our high-quality genomic and transcriptomic resources establish P. litorale as a key research organism for modern studies on chelicerate genome evolution, development, and phylogeny. The lack of WGD signature in P. litorale further strengthens the inference that WGDs are derived traits in the chelicerate tree. The combination of abdA loss with the reduction of the posterior tagma emerges as a common theme in arthropod evolution, as it is shared with other, distantly related arthropod taxa with a vestigial opisthosoma/abdomen.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-025-02276-x.