# Disease progression & treatment need in sub-genotype C4 hepatitis B infection: a retrospective cohort study in the Northern Territory, Australia

## TL;DR

This study examines disease progression and treatment needs for a specific type of hepatitis B in First Nations people in Australia's Northern Territory.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into treatment eligibility and disease progression for sub-genotype C4 hepatitis B in a specific population.

## Key findings

- HBsAg and HBeAg loss rates in C4 sub-genotype infection were 1.04 and 8.06 events per 100 person-years.
- Only 6.7% of untreated individuals met current treatment guidelines, but this increased to 50% under 2024 WHO guidelines.
- 22% of the cohort had cirrhosis or significant fibrosis, yet only 25% were prescribed antivirals.

## Abstract

In the Northern Territory (NT) of Australia, First Nations people with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) are infected with a unique sub-genotype, C4, which contains mutations linked to progressive fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. This cohort study aimed to investigate disease progression in C4 sub-genotype infection and estimate how many untreated individuals may benefit from antiviral therapy with broadening treatment indications.

Included individuals were part of Hep B PAST, a co-designed program to improve the cascade of care for people living with CHB in the NT. Disease phase and cirrhotic status were determined algorithmically using clinical and laboratory data at two time points. Loss of HBV antigens was assessed longitudinally. Treatment need was assessed cross-sectionally in the cohort at study completion. Key outcomes were estimated rates of HBsAg/HBeAg loss in sub-genotype C4 infection and quantification of how many untreated individuals qualify for therapy under current Australian and expanded global treatment guidelines.

HBsAg and HBeAg loss occurred at a rate of 1·04 and 8·06 events/100 person-years respectively (7342·6 and 545·6 years follow up). 783 people living with CHB were included (40% female, median age 48 years). Of these, 16% had cirrhosis (an additional 6% having FibroScan > 7 kPa, meaning 22% had cirrhosis or significant fibrosis) and 25% were prescribed antivirals. Only 6·7% of untreated individuals were treatment eligible under current guidelines. Using the 2024 World Health Organisation guidelines, this increased to 50% due mostly to fibrosis and population prevalence of diabetes.

Despite advanced liver disease in people living with CHB in the NT, rates of antigen loss in sub-genotype C4 hepatitis B infection are similar to other genotypes. Further work is needed to understand drivers of cirrhosis and significant fibrosis in this population.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-025-11213-w.