# How partial phenotyping to reduce generation intervals can help to increase annual genetic gain in selected honeybee populations

## TL;DR

Shortening the breeding cycle in honeybees can boost genetic gains but may increase inbreeding, requiring careful management.

## Contribution

This study introduces a novel approach to reduce generation intervals in honeybee breeding using partial phenotyping.

## Key findings

- Accelerating breeding schemes increased annual genetic gain by up to 47% over 20 years.
- Shorter generation intervals led to higher inbreeding coefficients despite lower inbreeding rates per generation.
- Balancing genetic gain and inbreeding requires increasing nucleus size and relaxing selection intensity.

## Abstract

Honeybee breeding is organized around annual cycles, following seasonal change. Generation intervals are thus commonly multiples of whole years. Most queens are generally raised during spring or early summer in temperate climates. A generation interval of 1 year limits phenotyping to early recordable traits, before the spring following queens’ births. Some traits, however, can only be recorded later, as is typically the case for total honey yield. Their recording on selection candidates thus increases the generation interval to at least 2 years, a common interval on the dam path. Using stochastic simulation, we investigated the impact of halving the dam generation interval and therefore recording only early traits on candidate dams. The generation interval on the sire path remained at 2 years with complete phenotyping. Breeding goals with varying weights on early and late traits were considered, as well as negative to positive genetic correlations between traits. The acceleration of the breeding scheme generally increased genetic gain for two-trait breeding goals, from 0% up to +47% after 20 years of selection. Although inbreeding rates per generation were slightly lower in the accelerated breeding scheme, inbreeding rates per year were significantly higher. This was due to the faster generation turnover (+33%) leading to 20–30% higher inbreeding coefficients (+0.04 to +0.07) after 20 years of selection. To avoid too high inbreeding, shortening the generation interval should be accompanied by strategies to limit inbreeding while still retaining most of the genetic gain, such as increasing the breeding nucleus size by relaxing selection intensity.