N-aldehyde-modified phosphatidylethanolamines generated by lipid peroxidation are robust substrates of N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D

TL;DR

This study shows that NAPE-PLD can hydrolyze various NALPEs formed during lipid peroxidation, expanding its known substrate range and suggesting a new role in clearing lipid peroxidation products.

Contribution

The study identifies NAPE-PLD as a robust enzyme capable of hydrolyzing diverse NALPEs, a novel finding in lipid metabolism.

Findings

NAPE-PLD can hydrolyze NALPEs with different linkage types and chain lengths.

Some NALPEs, like N-4-hydroxynonenal-PE, are hydrolyzed at rates similar to NAPEs.

The enzyme may help clear lipid peroxidation products in addition to its known functions.

Abstract

N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) hydrolyzes phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) where the headgroup nitrogen has been enzymatically modified with acyl chains of four carbons or longer (N-acyl-PEs or NAPEs). The nitrogen headgroup of PE can also be nonenzymatically modified by reactive lipid aldehydes, thus forming N-aldehyde-modified PEs (NALPEs). Some NALPEs such as N-carboxyacyl-PEs are linked to PE via amide bonds similar to NAPEs, but others are linked by imine, pyrrole, or lactam moieties. Whether NAPE-PLD can hydrolyze NALPEs was unknown. We therefore characterized the major NALPE species formed during lipid peroxidation of arachidonic acid and linoleic acid and generated various NALPEs for characterization of their sensitivity to NAPE-PLD hydrolysis by reacting synthesized aldehydes with PE. We found that NAPE-PLD could act on NALPEs of various lengths and linkage types including those derived from PE modified by N-malondialdehyde, N-4-hydroxynonenal, N-4-oxo-nonenal, N-9-keto-12-oxo-dodecenoic acid, and N-15-E2-isolevuglandin. To assess the relative preference of NAPE-PLD for various NALPEs versus its canonical NAPE substrates, we generated a substrate mixture containing roughly equimolar concentrations of seven NALPEs as well as two NAPEs (N-palmitoyl-PE and N-linoleoyl-PE) and measured their rate of hydrolysis. Several NALPE species, including the N-4-hydroxynonenal-PE pyrrole species, were hydrolyzed at a similar rate as N-linoleoyl-PE, and many of the other NALPEs showed intermediate rates of hydrolysis. These results significantly expand the substrate repertoire of NAPE-PLD and suggest that it may play an important role in clearing products of lipid peroxidation in addition to its established role in the biosynthesis of N-acyl-ethanolamines.

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