# Perspectives of family medicine residents on artificial intelligence for survival estimation in patients with serious illness

## TL;DR

This study explores how family medicine residents in Canada view using AI to estimate survival in patients with serious illness.

## Contribution

The study provides novel insights into the potential acceptance and use of AI survival estimation tools in primary care settings.

## Key findings

- Family medicine residents found AI survival estimation tools potentially useful for managing serious illness prognostication.
- Residents emphasized the need for AI to support, rather than replace, their clinical roles.
- Four key themes emerged: improving patient care, cautious use of AI, patient-driven AI use, and AI as an augmentation tool.

## Abstract

As technology for artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine has rapidly proliferated, research is needed on how AI should be used in healthcare. Family physicians could deploy AI to predict survival in serious illness which is a particularly difficult task given the breadth of diseases encountered in primary care. Little research exists to inform whether survival estimation tools are welcome in primary care to manage serious illness prognostication. To address this gap, we elicited the perspectives of family medicine residents on the potential use of AI to help them predict survival (i.e., time expected) for their patients with serious illness. Our qualitative study draws on semi-structured interview data from 18 family medicine residents in Canada. We used a pragmatic framework to conduct our analysis, employing principles of constructivist grounded theory. We identified that family medicine residents were receptive to AI survival estimation for serious illness management, particularly for supporting their delivery of expert advice over a broad range of clinical topics. However, caring for patients with serious illness in primary care involves more than survival estimation, with such a tool having likely only limited applicability to end of life. Summarizing these perspectives, we identified four themes: (1) improving patient care with AI, (2) AI with a grain of salt, (3) patient-driven use of AI, and (4) augmenting, not replacing family physicians. Thus, survival estimation with AI for serious illness has potential clinical value in primary care. In addition to survival, pertinent challenges to address with AI include understanding of expected function, maximizing quality of life, and response to interventions, in addition to quantifying survival time. Future prognostication models should consider use of additional patient-centered outcomes and modifying the outcomes predicted based on prediction timepoints. To successfully deploy these technologies in primary care, additional education and role modelling of technology use is needed.