# Spatial clusters of risk and cartography of care for drug-resistant tuberculosis

**Authors:** Jaqueline Garcia de Almeida Ballestero, José Nildo de Barros Silva, Luiz Henrique Arroyo, Daniele Maria Pelissari, Isabela Zaccaro Rigolin, Pedro Fredemir Palha, Aline Aparecida Monroe, Quézia Rosa Ferreira, Gilberto da Cruz Leal, Leonora de Oliveira Teixeira, Yury Bitencourt da Costa, Ione Carvalho Pinto, Rubia Laine de Paula Andrade, Ricardo Alexandre Arcêncio, Jaqueline Garcia de Almeida Ballestero, José Nildo de Barros Silva, Luiz Henrique Arroyo, Daniele Maria Pelissari, Isabela Zaccaro Rigolin, Pedro Fredemir Palha, Aline Aparecida Monroe, Quézia Rosa Ferreira, Gilberto da Cruz Leal, Leonora de Oliveira Teixeira, Yury Bitencourt da Costa, Ione Carvalho Pinto, Rubia Laine de Paula Andrade, Ricardo Alexandre Arcêncio

PMC · DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2025059006489 · Revista de Saúde Pública · 2025-06-11

## TL;DR

This study maps drug-resistant tuberculosis clusters and care access in São Paulo, revealing treatment inequalities.

## Contribution

Identifies spatial clusters and care network patterns for drug-resistant tuberculosis in São Paulo using Kernel and scan statistic techniques.

## Key findings

- Six spatial clusters of drug-resistant tuberculosis were identified, with four low-risk and two high-risk areas.
- High case concentrations and tertiary referral centers are in metropolitan areas, highlighting access inequalities.
- Coverage gaps exist in the southwest and northwest of São Paulo.

## Abstract

To identify spatial clusters of risk and map the care network for people with drug-resistant tuberculosis in the state of São Paulo.

This is an ecological study, carried out by collecting data from the Special Tuberculosis Treatment Information System (Site-TB) of people treated for drug-resistant tuberculosis from 2013 to 2020, in the state of São Paulo. Mapping was carried out using Kernel and scan statistic techniques.

1,084 cases were reported in the period analyzed. São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Santos, Guarulhos, and Campinas were the municipalities with the highest number of cases. The spatial pattern of agglomeration of cases and referral centers for treatment were similar, with gaps in coverage in the southwest and northwest of the state. Six spatial clusters were identified: four low-risk and two high-risk, located in São Paulo, Diadema, Santos, and Guarujá.

The concentration of cases and tertiary referral centers in metropolitan areas highlights inequalities in access to treatment for drug-resistant tuberculosis. These findings indicate the need for health policies to expand diagnosis and treatment, improving the control of drug-resistant tuberculosis in the state of São Paulo.

Identificar aglomerados espaciais de risco e cartografar a rede de cuidado às pessoas com tuberculose drogarresistente no estado de São Paulo.

Trata-se de estudo do tipo ecológico, realizado por meio da coleta de dados provenientes do Sistema de Informação de Tratamentos Especiais de Tuberculose (Site-TB) de pessoas tratadas para tuberculose drogarresistente de 2013 a 2020, no estado de São Paulo. Foi realizada a cartografia por meio das técnicas Kernel e de estatística de varredura.

Foram notificados 1.084 casos no período analisado. São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Santos, Guarulhos e Campinas foram os municípios que apresentaram o maior número de registros. O padrão espacial de aglomeração dos casos e dos Centros de Referência para o tratamento foram similares, com vazios de cobertura no sudoeste e noroeste do estado. Seis aglomerados espaciais foram identificados: quatro de baixo risco e dois de alto risco, localizados em São Paulo, Diadema, Santos e Guarujá.

A concentração de casos e Centro de Referência Terciária em áreas metropolitanas evidencia desigualdades no acesso ao tratamento da tuberculose drogarresistente. Estes achados indicam a necessidade de políticas de saúde para expandir o diagnóstico e tratamento, melhorando o controle da tuberculose drogarresistente no estado de São Paulo.

## Linked entities

- **Diseases:** tuberculosis (MONDO:0018076), drug-resistant tuberculosis (MONDO:0041806)

## Full-text entities

- **Diseases:** TB (MESH:D014390), Tuberculosis (MESH:D014376), drug-resistant tuberculosis (MESH:D018088)

## Full text

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## Figures

8 figures with captions in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12211794/full.md

## References

30 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12211794/full.md

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12211794