# Targeting neutrophil-driven inflammation in adult-onset still’s disease: molecular insights from gene expression profiles

## TL;DR

This study identifies neutrophil degranulation as a key process in adult-onset Still’s disease and suggests potential molecular targets for treatment.

## Contribution

The study provides novel molecular insights into neutrophil-driven inflammation in AOSD using gene expression profiles.

## Key findings

- Neutrophil degranulation is the most enriched pathological process in AOSD.
- CXCR1, CXCR2, and C5AR1 are key genes associated with neutrophil degranulation in AOSD.
- Agents targeting CXCR1/CXCR2, C5AR1, and related proteins show potential for deactivating neutrophil degranulation.

## Abstract

The rarity and heterogeneity of adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD) pose significant challenges in understanding its precise pathogenic mechanisms, developing effective treatment options, and establishing therapeutic strategies. A comprehensive analysis of gene expression profiles could help to bridge the knowledge gaps in those areas.

A blood transcriptomic dataset comprising 31 patients with AOSD and 22 healthy controls was fetched. Cellular and molecular features were identified by analyzing differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and functional enrichment. Optimal molecular targets for neutrophil activation were identified using kernel-based diffusion scoring techniques.

Blood molecular signatures indicate that neutrophil degranulation is the most enriched pathological process in AOSD. Neutrophil degranulation correlated significantly with the expression of Fcγ receptors, IL-1 receptors, and chemokine receptors and their signaling activities. IL-1 inhibitors and IL-6 inhibitors did not exhibit a diffusion score favorable for directly deactivating neutrophil degranulation, but agents targeting CXCR1/CXCR2, C5AR1, neutrophil elastase, SRC, and SYK demonstrated significant diffusion scores for neutrophil degranulation. In particular, CXCR1, CXCR2, and C5AR1 were the DEGs predominantly expressed in neutrophils and closely associated with neutrophil degranulation in a context-specific functional analysis.

Neutrophil activation is a key pathological module in AOSD. Therapeutic approaches aimed at neutrophils could offer a promising opportunity to regulate the inflammatory response in AOSD.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13075-025-03598-5.