# Prevalence of Differences of Sex Development Among Pediatric Endocrine Care Centers in Switzerland From 2000 to 2019

## TL;DR

This study estimates the prevalence of differences of sex development (DSD) in Swiss pediatric endocrine centers from 2000 to 2019, providing insights into the types and causes of DSD cases.

## Contribution

The study offers population-based prevalence data for DSD in Switzerland, highlighting diagnostic group distributions and trends.

## Key findings

- 47% of DSD cases were sex chromosome DSD, 32% were 46,XY DSD, and 21% were 46,XX DSD.
- 46,XX congenital adrenal hyperplasia prevalence matches newborn screening data, indicating good case completeness.
- On average, 28 new DSD cases were identified annually in Switzerland.

## Abstract

Reliable data on prevalence of differences of sex development (DSD) are lacking. We aimed to estimate population-based prevalence of DSD among pediatric endocrine care centers in Switzerland.

Retrospective population-based study including children and adolescents with DSD according to Chicago Consensus, born in Switzerland from 2000 through 2019.

Endocrine departments in 10 Swiss Children's Hospitals and 8 private endocrine practices collected DSD data through the I-DSD registry or case report forms. We calculated prevalence for DSD diagnostic groups and analyzed trends in prevalence.

Over the 20-year study period, we identified 561 individuals with DSD. Almost half (n = 266, 47%) had sex chromosome DSD, 177 (32%) had 46,XY DSD, and 118 (21%) had 46,XX DSD. Causes for 46,XY DSD were disturbed androgen synthesis or action (37/177, 21%), atypical gonadal development (28/177, 16%), or other causes (112/177, 63%). Causes for 46,XX DSD were androgen excess (99/118, 84%), atypical gonadal development (8/118, 7%), or other causes (11/118, 9%). On average, 28 new cases were born with DSD annually. Prevalence was 17 for sex chromosome DSD, 12 for 46,XY DSD, and 8 for 46,XX DSD per 100 000 live births and year. One per 7500 newborn girls had 46,XX congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Prevalence of sex chromosome DSD was underreported due to late diagnosis. Prevalence of 46,XX congenital adrenal hyperplasia is similar to newborn screening data, suggesting good completeness of cases. For complex DSD cases, we expect complete coverage. This study provides a valuable resource for policymaking and (inter)national research on DSD.