Epigenetic reprogramming induced by key metabolite depletion is an evolutionarily ancient path to tumorigenesis

TL;DR

The study shows that tumors in both flies and humans can develop through similar metabolic disruptions, suggesting a shared ancient mechanism for tumor growth.

Contribution

The paper reveals that metabolite depletion, rather than mutations, is an evolutionarily ancient driver of tumorigenesis.

Findings

Fly tumors caused by loss of cell polarity genes show depletion of acetyl-CoA and S-adenosyl methionine.

Human tumors with similar metabolic signatures have lower mutational load and younger patient age.

Perturbing methionine metabolism inhibits tumor growth in flies.

Abstract

Tumor growth is a challenge for multicellular life forms. Contrary to human tumors, which take years to form, tumors in short-living species can arise within days without accumulating multiple mutations, raising the question whether the paths to tumorigenesis in diverse species have any commonalities. In a fly tumor model caused by loss of cell polarity genes, we identified two key metabolic changes: first, systemic depletion of acetyl-CoA leading to a reduction in histone acetylation levels and stochastic silencing of actively transcribed genes; and second, defects in the methionine cycle causing systemic depletion of S-adenosyl methionine, which further reduces histone methylation levels and causes stochastic activation of transposons. Perturbation of the methionine metabolic process inhibits tumor growth. To understand the evolutionary origin of tumorigenesis, we performed comparative studies of fly and human tumors and found that human tumors with metabolic signatures similar to those of fly tumors have a lower mutational load, younger patient age and lower DNA methylation levels. This study indicates that depletion of key metabolites is an evolutionarily ancient driving force for tumorigenesis.

Summary: Human tumors with similar metabolic signatures to fly tumors have lower mutational load. Depletion of key metabolites may be an evolutionarily ancient driving force for tumorigenesis.

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