# Association of exposure to PM2.5-bound metals with premature rupture of membranes: a prospective cohort study

## TL;DR

This study finds that exposure to certain metals in fine particulate matter is linked to an increased risk of premature rupture of membranes during pregnancy.

## Contribution

The study identifies specific PM2.5-bound metals associated with premature rupture of membranes using multiple statistical models.

## Key findings

- Exposures to Al, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Se, and Tl increased the risk of PROM with hazard ratios from 1.40 to 1.87.
- Metal mixtures increased PROM risk by 3% (GWQS) and 5% (Q-gcomp), mainly driven by Pb.
- Ni had the highest influence in the BKMR model, and Pb, Se, and Tl were positively correlated with preterm PROM.

## Abstract

Exposure to PM2.5 has been linked to premature rupture of membranes (PROM). However, research on the effects of PM2.5-bound metals on the PROM is limited.

Here, we investigated this relationship using data from 6090 pregnant women, estimating exposure to 11 PM2.5-bound metals throughout pregnancy. Cox models assessed associations between individual metals and PROM, while grouped weighted quantile sum regression (GWQS), quantile g-computation (Q-gcomp), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used for metal mixtures.

Exposure to Al, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Se, and Tl increased PROM risk, with hazard ratios ranging from 1.40 to 1.87. As and Mn were also correlated with PROM during specific trimesters. The GWQS model showed a 3% increased risk of PROM with metal mixture exposure (95% CI: 2%, 4%), mainly driven by Pb in the positive direction. The Q-gcomp model revealed a 5% increased risk (95% CI: 2%, 8%), also primarily due to Pb. In the BKMR model, Ni had the highest influence.

Both individual metals and metal mixtures were associated with PROM, with Pb, Se, and Tl positively correlated with preterm PROM.