# Cytohistological Correlation of Thyroid Cases with Emphasis on Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Analysis of the Causes of Diagnostic Errors on Cytology

## TL;DR

This study examines diagnostic errors in thyroid fine needle aspiration cytology, focusing on papillary thyroid carcinoma and ways to improve accuracy.

## Contribution

The study introduces nuclear scoring to improve detection of papillary thyroid carcinoma and identifies specific causes of diagnostic errors.

## Key findings

- 10% of thyroid cases had discordant cytology and histopathology diagnoses.
- Nuclear scoring improved diagnostic accuracy for papillary thyroid carcinoma.
- False negatives were often due to inadequate sampling or subtle nuclear features.

## Abstract

Objective:
Fine needle aspiration cytology is the first line of investigation for thyroid lesions. Despite standard reporting formats, the diagnostic accuracy varies across institutions. In this study, we have reviewed our discordant cases on cytology and histopathology and analyzed the diagnostic errors.

Material and Methods:
The thyroid cases with discrepant cytology and histopathology reports for a period of five years were analyzed for diagnostic errors. The papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cases were studied in detail for all diagnostic parameters. Nuclear scoring was used to improve the detection of PTC.

Results:
Of the 166 cases, 18 (10%) had discrepant diagnoses. The sensitivity was 65.62% (CI 46.81-81.43%), specificity 94.78%, positive predictive value 75%, negative predictive value 92.03%, positive likelihood ratio 12.56, negative likelihood ratio 0.36, false positive rate 5.2%, false negative rate 34.3% and accuracy 89.16%.

False negative (malignant cases diagnosed as benign) was due to inadequate/wrong site sampling, benign clusters/ cyst macrophages, marginal flares, thin colloid, larger fragments of calcification, and subtle nuclear features. An interesting flower head-like structure was observed in PTC cases. Nuclear scoring on false negative cases improved our diagnostic accuracy. False positivity was due to vigorous aspiration and over-interpretation of nuclear features.

Conclusion:
Analysis of our discrepant cases highlighted the importance of multiple passes, sampling all nodules, and ultrasound-guided aspiration to reduce sampling error. Application of nuclear scoring reduced overdiagnosis and missing out on PTC. Tissue fragments and hypercellularity were the major misleading factors in false positive cases.