# The Incidence and Characteristics of U.K. Stranger Sex Offenses Fluctuated With Public Health Measures During the COVID-19 Pandemic

## TL;DR

This study shows how pandemic-related lockdowns and mobility changes affected the rate and nature of stranger sex offenses in the UK.

## Contribution

The study applies routine activity theory to stranger sex offenses during the pandemic, revealing new insights into situational crime prevention.

## Key findings

- Stranger sex offense rates in the UK covaried with public health measures and mobility patterns during the pandemic.
- Perpetrator and victim behaviors changed in response to lockdowns and restrictions.
- Findings support the use of routine activity theory in understanding sex offending dynamics.

## Abstract

Objective: With COVID-19 came a range of public health measures that impacted people’s routine activities. According to routine activity theory, these could affect the rate and nature of crime. This has largely been examined with volume crime (e.g., burglary, robbery) or crimes committed in the home. Stranger sex offenses greatly vary in nature and occur in a range of settings; therefore, these offenses present a novel opportunity to investigate different routine activity theory-based hypotheses. Method: The National Crime Agency routinely collects detailed information about all stranger sex offenses reported to the police in the United Kingdom. With these standardized data (N = 6,422), we studied the relationship between COVID-19 public health measures and the rate and characteristics of stranger sex offending across the entire first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, contrasting this with data from the same period pre-COVID-19. Results: Our findings accord with classic criminological theory whereby the incidence and characteristics of U.K. stranger sex offenses reported to police covaried with the population’s patterns of mobility and national lockdowns during the first year of COVID-19. This impact on routine activities also manifested in differences in perpetrator and victim behavior and characteristics. Conclusions: Our study supports the applicability of routine activity theory to sex offending and brings new insights regarding the situational prevention of sex offending during major events such as a pandemic. It is also relevant to the urgent need to educate prosecutors who are now making decisions about sex offenses perpetrated during the early years of this pandemic.

Our research shows how changes in individuals’ routine activities because of societal events like a pandemic affects how crimes are committed, against whom, by whom, and when and where they occur. Our study illustrates this with regard to sexual offenses committed by suspects who are strangers to their victims. Our findings are important for theories of sexual offending, how sexual offending is policed, and in planning for future national emergencies.