# Disentangling the effects of task difficulty and effort on flow experience

## TL;DR

This study explores how task difficulty and effort influence the flow experience, finding that effort may be more closely linked to flow than difficulty.

## Contribution

The study disentangles the effects of task difficulty and effort on flow experience using a controlled visual discrimination task.

## Key findings

- Perceived task difficulty increased with stimulus complexity.
- Effort exertion, measured by reaction time, increased in more challenging tasks.
- Flow experience patterns aligned with effort exertion, not task difficulty.

## Abstract

Flow, which is a rewarding state of full focus, typically arises when engaging in tasks with an optimal level of difficulty that is matched with a person’s skill level. Meanwhile, optimal task difficulty usually comes with the greatest effort exertion. We propose that not only the difficulty level, but also the level of effort invested plays a role in the subjective feelings of flow. Using a visual discrimination task, we manipulated stimulus complexity and the expected probability of detecting a difference to induce and disentangle perceived task difficulty and effort exertion, respectively. Notably, perceived task difficulty increased proportionally with increasing stimulus complexity. Reaction time as an index of effort exertion, increased in challenging tasks with higher expectancy. Patterns of flow experience mirrored the observed shifts in effort exertion, suggesting a possible link between flow and effort. However, no parallel trend emerged in the physiological flow indicator, specifically the P300 amplitude. These findings highlight the intricate interplay between subjective experiences of task difficulty, exerted effort, and the subjective sense of being in ‘flow’.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00426-025-02128-x.