# Tilt-induced changes in f-wave characteristics during atrial fibrillation: an experimental and computational investigation

## TL;DR

This study investigates how changes in posture during a tilt test affect f-wave characteristics in atrial fibrillation patients, linking these changes to autonomic nervous system activity.

## Contribution

The study introduces a combined experimental and computational approach to analyze autonomic modulation of f-wave frequency during tilt-induced postural changes in AF patients.

## Key findings

- Ff decreased from baseline to head-down tilt and increased during head-up tilt.
- ΔFf showed transient increases during head-down tilt and was associated with acetylcholine fluctuations in simulations.
- Sympathetic activity appears to drive fibrillatory rate changes, with parasympathetic activity modulating these effects.

## Abstract

This study explores transient and stationary effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on f-wave characteristics in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients undergoing a tilt test. Transient phase is defined as the initial 2-minute interval following each postural change, reflecting immediate autonomic adaptation, whereas steady phase refers to the subsequent interval (from 3 minutes post-change until phase end) representing a stable autonomic state.

Our primary aim is to investigate how the two branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) influence the f-wave frequency time series (
f(m)
). An analysis of
f(m)
in terms of the mean over time (
Ff
) and the magnitude of respiration-modulated
f(m)
variations (
ΔFf
) is conducted during baseline supine rest (B), head-down tilt (HDT) and head-up tilt (HUT). We analyzed data from a previous study in which 24 patients with persistent AF underwent a tilt test protocol, during which electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded. A model-based method was used to extract
f(m)
series from the ECG. Subsequently, an orthogonal subspace projection method was employed to quantify
ΔFf
, considering an ECG-derived respiratory signal. Electrophysiological computational simulations were conducted on 2D and 3D human atrial persistent AF models to aid the interpretation of clinical findings. Various levels of cholinergic stimulation by acetylcholine and
β
-adrenergic stimulation by isoproterenol were tested in the models. The temporal modulation of acetylcholine, representing changes associated with respiration, was cyclically modeled using sinusoidal waveforms.

Analysis of the clinical data showed a decrease in
Ff
from B to HDT and an increase from HDT to HUT. During HDT,
ΔFf
initially increased in the transient phase before decreasing in the steady phase, then rose again during HUT. Analysis of the simulated data showed that increasing the concentration of Isoproterenol and/or acetylcholine resulted in a rise in
Ff
. Additionally, the magnitude of
ΔFf
was shown to be associated with the extent of acetylcholine fluctuation.

These results suggest that changes in f-wave frequency characteristics during HUT and HDT could be linked to changes in sympathetic activity, with parasympathetic activity possibly modulating the effects of sympathetic activity rather than being an independent driver of fibrillatory rate changes.