Local Landscapes, Evolving Minds: Mechanisms of Neighbourhood Influence on Dual-State Mental Health Trajectories in Adolescence

TL;DR

This study explores how neighborhood deprivation affects adolescent mental health, finding that housing and environmental factors can partially explain these effects.

Contribution

The paper identifies specific mechanisms through which neighborhood deprivation influences mental health trajectories in adolescents.

Findings

Neighborhood deprivation increases the likelihood of deteriorating life satisfaction and consistently low life satisfaction trajectories.

Deprivation reduces the likelihood of sub-clinical emotional difficulties, partially mediated by housing and environmental factors.

Community wellbeing factors like equality and housing partially explain the effects of deprivation on mental health.

Abstract

Neighbourhood variation in socioeconomic deprivation is recognised as a small but meaningful determinant of adolescent mental health, yet the mechanisms through which the effects operate remain poorly understood. This study used #BeeWell survey data collected from adolescents in Greater Manchester (England) in 2021–2023 (life satisfaction: N = 27,009; emotional difficulties: N = 26,461). Through Latent Growth Mixture Modelling, we identified four non-linear trajectories of life satisfaction (Consistently High (71.0%), Improving (8.7%), Deteriorating (6.3%), and Consistently Low (13.9%); entropy = 0.66) and three non-linear trajectories of emotional difficulties (Low/Lessening (53.7%), Sub-Clinical (38.3%), and Elevated/Worsening (8.0%); entropy = 0.61). Using a multi-level mediation framework we assessed (1) whether neighbourhood deprivation predicted trajectory class membership and (2) the extent to which effects of deprivation operate through aspects of Community Wellbeing, as measured by the Co-op Community Wellbeing Index (CWI). Greater deprivation increased the odds of following Deteriorating (OR = 1.081, [1.023, 1.12]) and Consistently Low (OR = 1.084, [1.051, 1.119]) life satisfaction trajectories and reduced the odds of following a Sub-Clinical emotional difficulties trajectory (OR = 0.975, [0.954, 0.996]). Mediation analyses revealed that the effects of deprivation on Consistently Low life satisfaction partially operate through Equality (ab = 0.016, [0.002, 0.029]) and Housing, Space, and Environment (ab = −0.026, [−0.046, −0.006]). Further indirect effects were observed for Housing, Space, and Environment, which reduced likelihood of Sub-Clinical emotional difficulties for those living in deprived neighbourhoods (ab = −0.026, [−0.045, −0.008]). The findings highlight the distinct effects of neighbourhood deprivation on affective and evaluative domains of adolescent mental health and the protective effect of housing and related environmental factors in disadvantaged contexts, advancing our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning neighbourhood effects on dual-state adolescent mental health.

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