Qishiwei Zhenzhu Pills Protect Against Cerebral Ischemia via the P53/Cytochrome C/Apoptotic Protease Activating Factor 1‐Mediated Mitochondrial Apoptosis Pathway

TL;DR

Qishiwei Zhenzhu Pills protect against brain injury from lack of blood flow by reducing harmful cell death pathways.

Contribution

Identified active ingredients and their mechanism in QSWZZP for cerebral ischemia treatment.

Findings

QSWZZP reduced cerebral infarction and neurobehavioral issues in rats via mitochondrial apoptosis pathway modulation.

Arjunic acid, cholic acid, and phyllaemblic acid were identified as key active components.

QSWZZP components were distributed in blood, brain, liver, and kidney tissues.

Abstract

Qishiwei Zhenzhu pills (QSWZZP, Tibetan name: ) originated from Ershiwuwei Zhenzhu mother pills in the eighth century AD and are currently included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020). QSWZZP calm the mind, activate the medians, regulate qi, and harmonize the blood. QSWZZP have significant therapeutic effects in cerebral ischemia. However, QSWZZP's complex and diverse multi‐herb chemical composition has presented challenges in identifying their active ingredients, which have hitherto remained unclarified. Therefore, the present study focusses on the identification of QSWZZP's active ingredients and their therapeutic mechanisms.

To analyze the distribution of QSWZZP's components in the blood and tissues for the treatment of cerebral ischemia, to identify the biomarkers after drug intervention, and to explore the mechanism of action of QSWZZP in terms of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.

Ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry was used for qualitative and metabolomic analysis of the distribution of QSWZZP's components in the blood and tissues. A middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model was used to evaluate and measure neurobehavioral changes, the ratio of cerebral infarction, the rate of apoptosis‐positive cells in the brain tissue, and the pathological changes in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and diencephalon. mRNA, protein, and fluorescence expressions of apoptosis‐inducing factor (AIF), P53, cytochrome C (Cyt C), apoptotic protease activating factor‐1 (APAF‐1), cleaved caspase‐8, B‐cell lymphoma‐extra‐large, and N‐myc downstream‐regulated gene family member 4 (NDRG4) were determined in the rat brain tissues via real‐time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunofluorescence. In addition, molecular docking was used to screen the active components of QSWZZP against mitochondria‐mediated apoptosis.

Thirty‐three new compounds were identified, including 13 triterpenoids and nine flavonoids. Among them, 15 blood‐entry, 21 urine‐entry, three brain‐entry, seven liver‐entry, and four kidney‐entry components were identified. QSWZZP significantly improved neurobehavioral abnormalities and reduced the cerebral infarction rate in the MCAO rats by significantly decreasing AIF, P53, Cyt C, APAF‐1, and cleaved caspase‐8 mRNA expressions and Cyt C and APAF‐1 protein expressions, as well as increasing NDRG4 protein expression in the rat brain tissues. Molecular docking revealed that the active ingredients of QSWZZP against mitochondrial‐mediated apoptosis were arjunic acid, cholic acid, and phyllaemblic acid.

In this study, 45 components of QSWZZP were qualitatively analyzed, and the metabolic pathways of the related products were clarified. The potential treatment mechanism of QSWZZP may be related to the modulation of the folate biosynthesis metabolic and P53/Cyt C/APAF‐1‐mediated mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. This study may serve as the foundation for subsequent pharmacokinetic experiments and analysis of the material basis of the drug effect of QSWZZP in cerebral ischemia treatment.

Ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry was used for qualitative and metabolomic analysis of the distribution of Qishiwei Zhenzhu pills’ (QSWZZP, Tibetan name: རཏྣ་བསམ་འཕེལ།) components in the blood and tissues. A middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model was used to evaluate and measure neurobehavioral changes, the ratio of cerebral infarction, the rate of apoptosis‐positive cells in the brain tissue, and the pathological changes in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and diencephalon. mRNA, protein, and fluorescence expressions of apoptosis‐inducing factor (AIF), P53, cytochrome C (Cyt C), apoptotic protease activating factor‐1 (APAF‐1), cleaved caspase‐8, B‐cell lymphoma‐extra‐large, and N‐myc downstream‐regulated gene family member 4 (NDRG4) were determined in the rat brain tissues via real‐time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunofluorescence. In addition, molecular docking was used to screen the active components of QSWZZP against mitochondria‐mediated apoptosis.

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