Biotransformation of ketamine in terminal in vivo experiments under chronic intermittent hypoxia conditions and the role of AhR

TL;DR

The study explores how ketamine is metabolized in rats under chronic intermittent hypoxia and reveals a new role for the AhR receptor in this process.

Contribution

This is the first study to describe the role of AhR in ketamine biotransformation under chronic intermittent hypoxia.

Findings

Six ketamine metabolites were identified in liver and kidney tissues, including norketamine glucuronide in the liver.

Hydroxynorketamine was more prevalent than norketamine under chronic intermittent hypoxia.

The AhR antagonist CH-223191 influenced hydroxynorketamine glucuronidation in the liver.

Abstract

We were pioneers in describing aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) in a rat pre-clinical model. This model mimics hypertension (HTN) secondary to obstructive sleep apnea, enabling longitudinal investigation of hypertension development. Concerns about the influence of barbiturates on AhR-regulated enzymes led us to opt for ketamine/medetomidine anesthesia in terminal in vivo experiments. However, the biotransformation and the metabolomic pathways of ketamine in CIH conditions, which is associated to AhR overactivation, are yet to be disclosed. A rat model of CIH was used, with experimental groups defined based on the duration of CIH exposure. Ketamine/medetomidine (75/0.5 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally as terminal anesthetic. Metabolomic strategies were used to reveal the profiles of ketamine and its metabolites in liver and kidney tissues, uncovering six metabolites, including the first report of norketamine glucuronide formation in the liver. While PCA analysis revealed similar ketamine metabolite fingerprints in normoxia and CIH, a predominance of hydroxynorketamine over norketamine was observed in CIH condition. A consistent association between norketamine, hydroxyketamine and the metabolome was found in both normoxia and CIH conditions. The AhR antagonist CH-223191 (5 mg/kg) influenced hydroxynorketamine glucuronidation in the liver. No changes in medetomidine biotransformation were detected. Overall, these findings expand the knowledge of ketamine metabolism and its tissue-dependence. The results emphasize the importance of considering how ketamine biotransformation may differ between control and experimental conditions in metabolic studies, particularly in chronic intermittent hypoxia conditions. The role of AhR in ketamine biotransformation is herein described for the first time.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00204-025-04044-w.

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