# Floral Biology, Breeding System and Conservation Implications for the Azorean Endemic Azorina vidalii (Campanulaceae)

## TL;DR

This study explores the reproductive biology and conservation of Azorina vidalii, an endemic plant in the Azores, focusing on its floral traits and breeding system.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into the reproductive strategies and morphological variation of Azorina vidalii, an Azorean endemic plant.

## Key findings

- Temperature and humidity influence the phenophases of Azorina vidalii.
- Floral traits show geographic variation across subarchipelagos, likely due to environmental factors or isolation.
- The plant exhibits a mixed mating system with partial self-incompatibility and inbreeding depression.

## Abstract

This study investigates the seasonal and floral phenology, breeding strategies, and floral morphology of Azorina vidalii, an Azorean endemic Campanulaceae with hermaphroditic, protandrous flowers, dichogamy and secondary pollen presentation. Seasonal phenology was recorded in four field populations and floral phenology in a garden population. Reproductive strategies were assessed via controlled hand pollinations in one field population. Floral morphometrics were analysed using 23 floral and five pollen traits from 121 flowers across fourteen populations throughout the Azores archipelago. Non-parametric and parametric tests, discriminant analysis, and reproductive indices were used to infer answers to this study’s goals. Results showed that temperature and humidity influenced vegetative and reproductive phenophases. The male phase was shorter than the female, likely due to pollen dynamics, and some functional overlap suggested incomplete dichogamy. Geographic variation in floral traits indicated morphological differentiation across subarchipelagos, presumably linked to environmental factors or isolation. Reproductive indices suggested a mixed mating system, partial self–incompatibility and signs of inbreeding depression. Fertilisation was absent without pollinators, and spontaneous selfing was excluded due to an absence of pollen–pistil contact during stigma retraction. These findings contribute to understanding the reproductive biology and morphologic variation in A. vidalii. The implications of these findings for the conservation of this insular plant are discussed.