# Simulation and Optimization of the Antenna Designs for Glucose Biosensing FRET Mechanisms in Endoscopic Capsules

## TL;DR

This paper presents a new antenna design for non-invasive glucose monitoring using FRET in endoscopic capsules.

## Contribution

A novel compact antenna design optimized for FRET-based glucose sensing in endoscopic capsules is introduced.

## Key findings

- The antenna achieves a maximum gain of 9 dBi and stable S11 parameters.
- SAR results confirm safe energy absorption levels suitable for biomedical applications.
- The design enables improved sensitivity for non-invasive glucose measurement in interstitial fluid.

## Abstract

An optimized design of photodetectors and antennas for Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)-based glucose biosensing in endoscopic capsules is presented. The compact antenna design is tailored for the visible optical frequencies (~526 THz) associated with FRET-based glucose monitoring and integrates structural flexibility to conform to the spatial constraints of endoscopic capsules, such as mechanical bending features. The antenna is embedded in a multimode medium artificial tissue simulating a glucose environment with several layers, providing efficient coupling to the FRET emission signal for glucose sensing. Stable S11 parameters and a maximum gain of 9 dBi are realized by statelier mesh settings, bend adaptation, and cautious SAR constraint handlers. Results of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) confirm the limited energy absorption within permissible bounds, confirming its application for biomedical purposes. These results affirm the feasibility of non-invasive glucose measurement in interstitial fluid in this configuration that can be operable through an endoscope with improved sensitivity and functionality.