# Designed Omnidirectional Antenna of Quarter-Mode Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Element with Characteristic Mode Analysis

## TL;DR

This paper presents a new design for high-gain, low-profile omnidirectional antennas suitable for wireless energy harvesting.

## Contribution

The novelty lies in the use of characteristic mode analysis and two distinct feeding methods to optimize antenna performance.

## Key findings

- The first feeding method achieves a bandwidth of 2.45–2.58 GHz with a peak gain of 4.1 dBi.
- The second feeding method provides a bandwidth of 2.42–2.45 GHz with a peak gain of 4.4 dBi.
- The antennas are suitable for wireless energy harvesting due to their high gain and low profile.

## Abstract

This study investigates the design of omnidirectional antennas, using a characteristic mode analysis (CMA), and explores two distinct feeding methods. The first method employs equal-amplitude and in-phase excitation across all ports, whereas the second method utilizes equal-amplitude excitation with a 180° phase difference between adjacent ports. Both designs achieve operating bandwidths of 2.45–2.58 GHz and 2.42–2.45 GHz, respectively, with peak gains of 4.1 dBi and 4.4 dBi at 2.45 GHz. The proposed antennas exhibited high gain and low-profile characteristics, making them well-suited for applications in wireless energy harvesting.