# A Characterizing Method of Carbon Nanotubes in Powder Form with Different Packing Densities

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a method to characterize carbon nanotubes in powder form with varying packing densities using microwave measurements.

## Contribution

The novel contribution is a microwave-based characterization method for CNTs with different packing densities using de-embedded S-parameters and the NRW method.

## Key findings

- CNTs were characterized using S-parameters and the NRW method in the microwave region.
- PVC was used to control and increase the packing density of CNTs.
- The method can aid in designing microwave devices using CNTs.

## Abstract

A method for characterizing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in powder form with different packing densities in the microwave regions is proposed. The CNTs were sandwiched between two dielectric walls in (Polyvinyl Chloride) PVC and put in a waveguide shim. We measured the transmission/reflection S-parameters of the waveguide using a Vector Network Analysis (VNA), and the impacts of the PVCs on the measured S-parameters were de-embedded by microwave network analysis. Then, the well-known Nicolson–Ross–Weir (NRW) method was processed to determine the complex permittivity and permeability of the CNTs. Furthermore, we pressed the PVC to increase the packing densities of the CNTs. The results of the characterization can be employed to design microwave devices using the CNTs.