# Exploring the Interplay Between Kidney Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease

## TL;DR

This review discusses complications of dialysis and kidney disease, focusing on cardiovascular issues and the role of hemodialysis in managing chronic kidney disease.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive overview of cardiovascular complications and hemodialysis-related challenges in chronic kidney disease.

## Key findings

- Chronic kidney disease is linked to multiple cardiovascular complications like heart failure and arrhythmias.
- Hemodialysis is essential for end-stage kidney disease but can cause complications such as failed AV fistulas.
- Proper care and understanding of molecular mechanisms like NO signaling are crucial for managing these conditions.

## Abstract

This article reveals the various types of complications that are associated with dialysis and kidney-associated disease, including left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, vascular heart disease, arrhythmias, diabetes mellitus, intradialytic hypertension, and coronary heart disease. The molecular mechanisms underlying the development of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), including the role of nitric oxide (NO) signaling, have been extensively studied. Patients suffering from CKD need treatment with hemodialysis at the end stages. The kidney is considered the chief excretory organ in humans, which excretes various types of waste materials from the body and balances the acid–base ratio, due to which its role in homeostasis has been considered. When kidneys fail to function properly due to various diseases, hemodialysis plays the role of the kidneys. This procedure involves removing a patient’s blood, filtering it through a dialyzer to remove waste products, and returning the cleaned blood to the body. However, for the hemodialysis procedure, fistula formation is necessary, which is created by specific surgery in which the radial artery and superficial vein are connected in the forearm, near the wrist or elbow. This arteriovenous (AV) fistula creation fails sometimes and causes complications. The prolonged use of hemodialysis procedures and improper care also lead to many complications in chronic kidney patients, which have been discussed in detail in this review article.