CBC Complex Regulates Hyphal Growth, Sclerotial Quantity, and Pathogenicity in the Necrotrophic Fungus Botrytis cinerea

TL;DR

This study explores how the CBC complex influences growth, development, and pathogenicity in the plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea.

Contribution

The study identifies specific interaction regions and functional roles of BcCBP20 and BcCBP80 in regulating fungal growth and pathogenicity.

Findings

BcCbp20 interacts with BcCbp80 through conserved RNA recognition and MIF4G domains.

BcCBP80 plays a more dominant role than BcCBP20 in regulating hyphal growth and conidial development.

BcCBP20 and BcCBP80 differentially regulate sclerotium formation and pathogenicity.

Abstract

The cap-binding protein complex (CBC), comprising Cbp20 and Cbp80, is crucial for gene expression, yet its role in the notorious crop pathogen Botrytis cinerea remains unclear. Immunoprecipitation coupled with LC-MS/MS demonstrated that BcCbp20 interacts with BcCbp80. Yeast two-hybrid, GST pull-down, and Split-luciferase complementation assays confirmed that the conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM, 54–127 aa) of BcCbp20 and the N-terminal MIF4G domain (1–370 aa, 1–577 aa) of BcCbp80 constitute the core interaction regions. Genetic transformation experiments revealed that BcCBP80 exerts a more dominant role than BcCBP20 in regulating hyphal morphology, growth rate, conidiophore development, and conidial yield. Furthermore, BcCBP20 and BcCBP80 differentially regulate sclerotium formation to maintain sclerotial quantity. Based on pathogenicity assays, BcCBP80 associated with infection cushion development, with this phenotypic alteration possibly being among the factors correlated with altered pathogenicity. However, the increased sensitivity of ΔBccbp20 to various stress factors may be the primary reason for the diminished pathogenicity. Taken together, these results indicate that BcCBP20 and BcCBP80 play important roles in multiple aspects of B. cinerea growth, development, stress response, and pathogenicity.

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Full text

1. Introduction

Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, poses a significant threat to a diverse array of host plants, including strawberries, raspberries, and grapes, resulting in substantial annual economic losses globally [1]. Given the astonishing reproductive capacity and high genetic diversity of B. cinerea, the escalating resistance of this fungus to traditional fungicides poses a significant global challenge [2,3]. However, the completion of the genome sequencing of B. cinerea and the understanding of its pathogenic mechanisms not only provide a solid theoretical foundation for the development of novel fungicides but also introduce new strategies for addressing this long-standing challenge that has plagued agricultural production [4]. Previous studies have indicated that conidia, the primary infectious propagules, germinate on plant surfaces and subsequently develop appressoria-like structures to facilitate penetration into the host [5,6]. Additionally, in this pathogen, highly melanized specialized hyphal networks, known as “infection cushions,” are formed, emanating from mycelia as another critical invasion strategy [5,7]. B. cinerea also secretes a diverse array of cell wall-degrading enzymes, extracellular proteins, and secondary metabolites, which collectively augment the efficiency of plant tissue penetration and colonization, ultimately enhancing virulence [8,9,10]. Upon successful colonization, the fungus exploits nutrients derived from necrotic host tissue to produce sclerotia, ensuring long-term survival under adverse environmental conditions, while also facilitating reinfection. The germination of sclerotia results in the development of mycelia and conidiophores, which subsequently produce a substantial number of conidia. These conidia are disseminated by natural elements, such as wind and rain, as well as agricultural implements, enabling their adhesion to plant surfaces and the initiation of a new infection cycle [1,5].

Cap-Binding Protein 20 and 80 (Cbp20 and Cbp80), also known as Ncbp2/Nip1 and Ncbp1/Ncbp, respectively, constitute the core components of the Cap-Binding protein Complex (CBC) in eukaryotes [11]. This complex plays a pivotal role in various aspects of RNA metabolism, including pre-mRNA splicing [12], microRNA maturation [13,14], mRNA stability [15,16], and mRNA export from the nucleus [17,18]. In contrast to prokaryotes, eukaryotic mRNAs possess a 5’ cap structure, which is specifically recognized and bound by CBC, facilitating efficient nuclear export and subsequent translation [11,19].

CBC is a highly conserved protein complex found across a broad spectrum of species. Numerous experiments are being conducted to investigate the role of Cbp20 and Cbp80 in diverse biological processes, ranging from yeast to human pathogens and plants.

As evidenced by previous studies, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, CBP80 and CBP20 are not absolutely necessary for cell survival [20], but they are indeed crucial for supporting cell growth and proliferation [21]. Additional experiments have delved into the mechanisms underlying CBP20/80’s regulation of gene expression. Notably, in yeast, the SUS1 gene (critical for histone H_2_B over-ubiquitination) relies on the precise splicing of its pre-mRNA to maintain proper chromatin modification. The loss of CBC disrupts SUS1 splicing, leading to reduced Sus1 protein, the accumulation of over-ubiquitinated H_2_B, and altered chromatin structure and gene expression [22]. CBC also plays an important role in the pathogenic mechanisms of pathogens of global concern. Studies demonstrate the following: SARS-CoV-2 synthesizes m7GTP via its viral enzyme Nsp14 to block CBC-mRNA cap interactions, thereby suppressing nuclear export and host gene expression [23]; HIV-1 recruits the CBP80/NCBP3 complex and host RNA helicase A (RHA) to assemble an eIF4E/mTOR-independent translation initiation complex, enabling persistent viral protein synthesis under host translational inhibition [24]; viral mRNAs hijack host mRNA processing pathways (splicing, nuclear export, and translation) to facilitate viral proliferation [25].

In plants, research has primarily focused on the interplay between CBP20/80 and stress responses. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the disruption of CBC genes led to delayed development and the downregulation of transcripts essential for abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathways, thereby enhancing sensitivity to the hormone ABA [26]. Kong et al. demonstrated that CBP20/80 functions as a mediator in the splicing of P5CS1 and IDD14 genes, intricately regulating their expression levels, which subsequently caused significant alterations in plant proline and starch content, ultimately enhancing resilience and tolerance to salt stress [27]. Li further showed that SR45a-1a, a conserved serine/arginine-rich (SR)-like protein, directly interacts with Cbp20 to mediate responses to salt stress. Additionally, the truncated isoform SR45a-1b facilitates SR45a-1a binding to Cbp20 [28]. Zhang revealed that ethylene governs CBP20 phosphorylation, a critical process for the upregulation of miR319b and downregulation of its target gene, MYB33 (a MYB transcription factor involved in plant growth, development, metabolism, and environmental responses). This cascade ultimately culminates in ethylene-induced root growth inhibition [29].

Although CBP20 and CBP80 have been extensively characterized in human pathogens and model organisms, their functional significance in plant pathogenic fungi remains poorly understood, particularly regarding the interaction patterns of the CBC in B. cinerea, the roles of its constituent members during vegetative growth processes, and the molecular mechanisms modulating pathogenicity. To address these questions, this study integrates a bioinformatics analysis, targeted gene deletion, and phenotypic virulence assays to elucidate the cooperative mechanisms and functional specialization between BcCBP20 and BcCBP80 in the pathogenesis of B. cinerea, a globally devastating phytopathogen. The findings not only advance the mechanistic understanding of plant–B. cinerea interactions but also establish a theoretical framework for novel fungicide development.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Acquisition of Sequences, Alignment, Prediction of Functional Domains, and Construction of Phylogenetic Trees

The complete genomic sequences encompassing BcCBP20 (GenBank accession XP_001557145, accessed on 6 November 2023) and BcCBP80 (GenBank accession XP_024553977, accessed on 6 November 2023), along with their respective 5′-/3′-flanking regions and promoter sequences, were systematically retrieved through NCBI GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ accessed on 6 November 2023). The sequences utilized in this study have been provided in Supplementary Table S1.

The amino acid sequences of homologous genes were subjected to BLASTP with the NCBI database (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?PROGRAM=blastp&PAGE_TYPE=BlastSearch&LINK_LOC=blasthome accessed on 6 November 2023). The protein domains were predicted using the SMART website (http://smart.embl.de/ accessed on 6 November 2023) and visualized with DOG 2.0 software (https://gps.biocuckoo.cn/download.php accessed on 6 November 2023). Amino acid sequences of Cbp20/Cbp80 from different organisms were aligned with DNAMAN 5.0 software (https://www.lynnon.com/dnaman.html accessed on 6 November 2023) Homologous sequences of CBP20/CBP80 from target species were retrieved from the NCBI database. The initial alignment utilized full-length amino acid sequences of the target proteins, followed by manual trimming to remove low-quality alignment regions. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 6 software with the neighbor-joining (NJ) method and maximum-likelihood (ML) distance composite model, supported by 1000 bootstrap replicates [30].

2.2. Fungal Transformation, Mutant Generation, and Characterization

BcCBP20 and BcCBP80 deletion mutants, designated as ΔBccbp20 and ΔBccbp80, respectively, along with their genetically complemented strains (ΔBccbp20-C and ΔBccbp80-C) were generated as described in [31,32]. Briefly, the genomic DNA extracted from mycelia harvested from potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium (Coolaber, PM0520, Beijing, China) using a previously described method served as the template for these PCR reactions [33,34]. The upstream and downstream flanking regions of each gene were amplified using the specific primer pairs 20-Up-F/20-Up-R and 20-Down-F/20-Down-R for BcCBP20, and 80-Up-F/80-Up-R and 80-Down-F/80-Down-R for BcCBP80. The recombinant plasmid was constructed by assembling PCR products into the pXEH-TK2 vector through homologous recombination using the ClonExpress II One-Step Cloning Kit (Vazyme, C112-01, Nanjing, China) following the manufacturer’s protocol. The pXEH-TK2 vector was constructed by inserting the codon-optimized thymidine kinase (HSVtk(Bc), GenBank accession PQ362314) into the pXEH backbone [35,36,37]. The knockout constructs were introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens AGL-1 via electroporation, and the transformed AGL-1 cells were then used to transfer the constructs into the B05.10 strain through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) [38]. Following transformation, the transformants were selected on media plates containing hygromycin and 5-fluorouracil 2′-deoxyriboside. For genetic complementation, the primer pairs C-20-F/C-20-R and C-80-F/C-80-R were used to amplify sequences encompassing the promoter and full length of the BcCBP20 and BcCBP80 genes, respectively. These fragments were cloned into the pXEG vector [39]. The successful complementation vectors were subsequently introduced into the ΔBccbp20 and ΔBccbp80 strains using the same transformation protocol. The complemented strains were selected on PDA plates containing G418.

A diagnostic PCR was performed to verify the integration events of the selected transformants. The deletion mutants and the complemented strains were further validated via a Reverse-Transcription–Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. The primers used in those experiments are listed in Supporting Information Table S1.

2.3. RT-PCR

The total RNA was extracted from mycelium samples of B. cinerea using the RNAiso Plus reagent (TaKaRa, 9108, Beijing, China). An amount of 1 μg of RNA from each strain was used for first-strand cDNA synthesis, employing the PrimeScript^®^ RT Reagent Kit (TaKaRa, RR036A, Beijing, China). SYBR^®^ Green I (TaKaRa, CN830A, Beijing, China) dyes were used for the RT-PCR analysis. The pathogen actin gene, BcACT1, was used as an endogenous reference.

2.4. Generation of BcCbp20::GFP:B05.10 Strain, Western Blot Validation, and Mass Spectrometric Analysis

The oliC promoter (amplified from the pCB1532 vector; GenBank accession PP209073 3246–4286 bp), BcCBP20 gene (amplified from B05.10 cDNA), and C-terminal GFP tag (amplified from pCB1532 vector, 4307–5077bp) were ligated into the XhoI/KpnI-linearized pXEH vector using the ClonExpress II One-Step Cloning Kit (Vazyme, C112, Nanjing, China). The primers used are listed in Table S1. After Sanger sequencing verification by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China), the construct was transformed into B05.10 via ATMT. Hygromycin-resistant transformants were selected. Mycelia were cultured on complete medium (CM) plates [40], and total proteins were extracted using a lysis buffer (Beyotime, P0013, Shanghai, China; containing 20 mM Tris-HCl [pH 7.5], 150 mM NaCl, 1% Triton X-100) and supplemented with protease inhibitor cocktail (Sangon Biotech, C600382, Shanghai, China) and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF, Sangon Biotech, A460281, Shanghai, China). Total proteins were incubated with GFP-Trap^®^ magnetic beads (Proteintech, 17333363, Rosemont, IL, USA) at 4 °C overnight, followed by three washes with the wash buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, 500 mM NaCl, pH 7.5). A Western blot analysis was performed as previously described [41,42]. Total proteins (10 μL) and eluted proteins (10 μL) were resolved on 10% SDS-PAGE gels, electrophoretically transferred to PVDF membranes (Sigma, IPFL00005, St. Louis, MO, USA), and immunoblotted with an anti-GFP antibody (Proteintech, HRP-66002, Rosemont, IL, USA). Chemiluminescent signals were captured using an Amersham Imager 600 system. The remaining proteins released from the beads were digested and analyzed via liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) at KangChen Bio-tech (Shanghai, China). Raw data were processed with MaxQuant 2.0.1.0 against the B. cinerea UniProt database (UP000001798), with the following filtering criteria: expression fold difference: ratio A/B ≥ 2.0, unique peptides ≥ 2. Further details of the experimental principles and operational procedures can be found at https://www.aksomics.com/services/proteomics/lfq.html (accessed on 10 April 2024).

2.5. Yeast Two-Hybrid Assay

The Y2H assays were performed as previously described [42,43,44]. Briefly, the in-frame expression cDNA of candidate genes was amplified and subcloned into pGBKT7 (Clontech, 630443, San Jose, CA, USA) or pGADT7 (Clontech, 630442, San Jose, CA, USA) via homologous recombination using the Vazyme C112-01 kit (primers listed in Table S1). All bait–prey combinations (including mock controls) were co-transformed into AH109 yeast cells (MATa, Weidi, YC1010, Shanghai, China) following the Matchmaker Gold Yeast Two-Hybrid System manufacturer instructions (Clontech, 630489, San Jose, CA, USA). Transformants were then plated onto synthetic-defined (SD) double-dropout medium (DDO: -Leu/-Trp; Weidi, YM3200L, Shanghai, China). The yeast cell from the DDO plate was inoculated into the DDO liquid medium and cultured until reaching an OD_600_ of 0.75. Subsequently, 5 μL of serially diluted cell suspensions (10^−1^ to 10^−3^) was spotted onto the SD quadruple dropout medium (QDO: -Leu/-Trp/-His/-Ade; Weidi, YM3402L, Shanghai, China) and incubated at 30 °C for 2–3 days to assess the protein–protein interactions.

2.6. GST Pull-Down Analysis

The GST pull-down assays were conducted following the previously established protocol [45,46]. Briefly, the in-frame expression cDNA of candidate genes was amplified and subcloned into pET21b (Sigma-Aldrich, 69741-3, St. Louis, MO, USA) or pGEX6p-1 (Sangon Biotech, AA339094, Shanghai, China) via homologous recombination (primers listed in Table S1). The fusion construct was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) (Zoman, ZK201, Beijing, China) [47], and proteins were extracted through ultrasonication. GST fusion proteins (equal concentrations) were mixed with His fusion proteins (specified amounts) and supplemented with 1×PBS buffer to a final volume of 2 mL. An amount of 20 μL of pre-rinsed Glutathione Sepharose beads (GE Healthcare) (Coolaber, CS20421, Beijing, China) was added, and the mixture was incubated at room temperature for 1 h with gentle agitation. Beads were washed 5–7 times with the wash buffer, followed by resuspension in 1×SDS sample loading buffer and boiling for 5 min prior to SDS-PAGE. A Western blot analysis was performed using monoclonal anti-GST (Proteintech, HRP-66001, Rosemont, IL, USA) and anti-His (Proteintech, HRP-66005, Rosemont, IL, USA) antibodies.

2.7. Split-Luciferase Complementation

The SLC assays were performed as previously described [43,44]. Briefly, Agrobacterium strain EHA105 (Zoman, ZK294, Beijing, China) cultures containing the appropriate constructs were adjusted to OD_600_ = 0.8–1.0 using a buffer composed of 10 mM MgCl_2_, 10 mM MES (pH 5.6), and 200 μM acetosyringone (AS). The cultures were transiently infiltrated into leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana (Nb). Forty-eight hours post-infiltration (hpi), leaves were sprayed with 1 mM D-luciferin (Sangon Biotech, A422342, Shanghai, China), and the luciferase activity was visualized using a cooled CCD imaging system (Tanon 5200). For relative activity quantification, two 28 mm^2^ leaf disks were immersed in 200 μL of 1 mM luciferin, and luminescence was measured using a GloMax 96-Microplate Luminometer Promega (E&K Scientific EK-25075, CA, USA).

2.8. Mycelial Growth, Sporulation, Germination, Conidiophores, and Sclerotium Formation

A 5 mm diameter mycelial plug was taken from the edge of each test strain and inoculated onto PDA and CM plates, respectively. The plates were incubated in the dark at 20 °C. Images were captured, and fungal diameters were recorded on the third day. Additionally, a 5 mm diameter mycelial plug from each tested strain was placed on a glass slide, and the mycelial morphology was observed under a Nikon microscope after 24 h. Conidiophore development was assessed three days later.

Mycelial plugs from each test strain were inoculated onto CM plates. After 14 days of incubation, conidia were collected and diluted to a volume of 1 mL. The number of conidia produced by each strain was recorded, and conidia were observed and photographed for documentation. Fresh spore suspensions were adjusted to 5 × 10^5^ spores/mL, mixed with an equal volume of the CM containing 200 mg/L streptomycin, and 10 µL of the mixture was transferred to a glass slide. The slides were incubated at 20 °C in the dark for 2, 4, or 6 h, after which the germination rates were analyzed microscopically. Images were captured, germ tube lengths were measured, and the percentage of germinated conidia was calculated.

After 30 days of incubation on CM plates, sclerotia formation was observed and photographed. The size and quantity of sclerotia were recorded. Subsequently, sclerotia were inoculated onto CM plates to assess the germination rates and measure the mycelial growth length.

2.9. The Formation of Appressoria and Development of Infection Cushions

The experimental procedures were consistent with the aforementioned spore germination assay. At 8 h post-inoculation, the appressoria formation in the strains B05.10, ΔBccbp20, and ΔBccbp20-C was analyzed microscopically. Images were captured, and the percentage of appressoria formation was quantified for each strain. The infection cushion formation was examined at 24, 36, and 48 hpi, with microscopic images documented. A 5 mm diameter mycelial plug from each strain (B05.10, ΔBccbp80, and ΔBccbp80-C) was transferred to a glass slide. Infection cushions were observed under a microscope at 56 hpi.

2.10. Plant Infection Assays

The fresh spore suspension of B05.10, ΔBccbp20-4, ΔBccbp20-6, and ΔBccbp20-C were adjusted to 1×10^6^ spores/mL. Each spore suspension was mixed with an equal volume of liquid CM, and 20 μL aliquots of the mixture were inoculated onto green bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris) and tobacco leaves (Nicotiana benthamiana). Alternatively, a 5 mm diameter fungal plug from B05.10, ΔBccbp20, ΔBccbp20-C, ΔBccbp80, and ΔBccbp80-C were removed from the edge of the mycelium and inoculated onto freshly detached bean leaves, tobacco leaves, and the apricot cultivar ‘Jintaiyang’ (Prunus armeniaca var. ansu). Images were captured at the designated time points, and the lesion areas were quantified.

2.11. Stress Adaptation Assays

A 5 mm diameter mycelial plug from each test strain was inoculated onto CM plates supplemented with various stress agents, including osmotic stress agents (0.6 M NaCl and 0.6 M KCl) (Sangon Biotech, A610476, A610440, Shanghai, China), an oxidative stress agent (7.5 mM H_2_O_2_) (Nanjing Reagent, 7722-84-1, Nanjing, China), and cell wall perturbation (0.005% SDS and 500 μg/mL Congo Red) (Sangon Biotech, A600485, A600324, Shanghai, China). Plates were incubated in the dark at 20 °C. Mycelial growth was measured and photographed after 2.5 days of incubation. All experiments were conducted in triplicate (three technical replicates per treatment). The adaptability to stress agents was assessed by comparing colony diameters after incubation, and temperature sensitivity was evaluated by culturing test strains in the dark at both 20 °C and 28 °C. Mycelial growth was measured and photographed after 3 days of incubation. All experiments were conducted in triplicate (three technical replicates per treatment) and repeated three times independently (three biological replicates).

2.12. Statistical Analysis

All the quantitative data in this study were derived from the results of at least three independent experiments. The quantity of spores, AP, and ICs was determined through manual counting, while their lengths, areas, and lesion sizes were measured using ImageJ software 1.46r (https://imagej.net/ij/ accessed on 12 November 2023). To compare differences in quantitative data, such as mycelial growth, lesion size, and conidial production, between different strains, the observed value of the B05.10 was set to 100%, and other strains were normalized accordingly. For the normalization of time series data, the final time point of the WT strain was used as the 100% reference point. Statistical significance between groups (control, knockout, complemented strains) was determined using Student’s t-test, with a threshold of p < 0.05.

3. Results

3.1. Identification BcCbp20/BcCbp80 in B. cinerea

The role of cap-binding proteins 20/80 (Cbp20/Cbp80) in the crop killer B. cinerea has captured our attention. A bioinformatics analysis revealed that the BcCBP20 gene (676 bp) contains three exons and two introns, encoding a 181-amino acid (aa) protein, while BcCBP80 (3286 bp) consists of four exons and three introns, encoding an 876-aa protein. A domain prediction analysis revealed that CBP20 orthologs contain an RNA recognition motif (RRM) domain, while CBP80 orthologs possess MIF4G, MIF4G_like, and MIF4G_like_2 domains, where MIF4G corresponds to the middle domain of eukaryotic initiation factor 4G (eIF4G). P. oryzae lacks the MIF4G domain (Figures S1A and S2A).

A comparative analysis revealed that the full-length BcCbp20 amino acid sequence shares sequence identity with Cbp20 orthologs from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (XP_001585390.1, 98.90%), Aspergillus nidulans (XP_663746.2, 77.97%), Fusarium graminearum (XP_011324033.1, 77.22%), Neurospora crassa (XP_956595.2, 77.01%), Pyricularia oryzae (XP_003717292.1, 75.58%), Trichoderma reesei (XP_006967414.1, 74.42%), Homo sapiens (NP_031388.2, 66.41%), Drosophila melanogaster (NP_524396.1, 65.00%), Caenorhabditis elegans (NP_001370288.1, 63.87%), Arabidopsis thaliana (AAO44079.1, 58.15%), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NP_015147.1, 54.14%) (Figure S1B). The full length of BcCbp80 shares sequence identities of 85.03%, 60.42%, 59.03%, 58.21%, 56.45%, 53.24%, 24.34%, 23.51%, 23.21%, 22.69%, and 21.75% with Cbp80 orthologs from the following corresponding species: S. sclerotiorum (APA15411.1), N. crassa (XP_961147.1), T. reesei (XP_006961102.1), A. nidulans (KAL4766915.1), F. graminearum (XP_011327077.1), P. oryzae (XP_003719884.1), S. cerevisiae (NP_013844.2), D. melanogaster (NP_726938.1), H. sapiens (BAD92470.1), A. thaliana (NP_565356.1), and C. elegans (NP_491850.2) (Figure S2B).

Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the Cbp20/Cbp80 proteins of B. cinerea and S. sclerotiorum, which cluster within a single clade, exhibit the closest evolutionary relationship, followed by those of other filamentous fungi (Figures S1A and S2A).

3.2. Identification of Interacting Proteins and Subcellular Localization of the CBC Component BcCbp20 in B. cinerea

In eukaryotic cells, CBC is a well-conserved heterodimer from yeast to humans, composed of CBP20 and regulatory subunit CBP80, which binds nascent RNA polymerase II transcripts and coordinates multiple RNA metabolic processes. To investigate CBC component interactions in B. cinerea, we engineered a GFP-tagged BcCBP20 construct under the control of the Olic promoter in the WT strain (Figure 1A,B). A Western blot analysis under denaturing conditions (10% SDS-PAGE) confirmed BcCBP20::GFP expression in the B05.10 transformant and validated the affinity-eluted proteins using GFP-tag magnetic beads (Figure 1C). A subcellular localization analysis in the BcCbp20::GFP:B05.10 strain revealed nuclear enrichment, as demonstrated by confocal microscopy showing the co-localization of GFP signals with DAPI-stained nuclei (Figure 1D). For pull-down assays, WT (control) and BcCbp20::GFP:B05.10 (test) strains were analyzed. LC-MS/MS identification detected 327 proteins in the test group and 186 in controls. After removing 151 nonspecific proteins bound to GFP beads, 177 strain-specific interactors were identified, including BcCBP20 and BcCBP80 (Figure 1E and Table S2). A KEGG pathway analysis revealed enrichment in the biosynthesis of amino acids, oxidative phosphorylation, 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism, nucleocytoplasmic transport, arginine biosynthesis, protein export, and phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis (Figure 1F).

3.3. BcCbp20-BcCbp80 Interaction in B. cinere Relies on the N-Terminal MIF4G Domain of BcCbp80

Previous studies in F. graminearum identified a direct physical interaction between FgCbp80 and FgCbp20 through yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening [48]. Building on LC-MS/MS results, we employed a multi-method strategy to characterize the cap-binding complex formation in B. cinerea. A Y2H analysis demonstrated specific BcCbp20-BcCbp80 interaction (Figure 2A). GST pull-down assays biochemically confirmed direct binding between GST-fused BcCbp20 and His-fused BcCbp80 (Figure 2B). Furthermore, Split-luciferase complementation (SLC) assays validated interaction between the two B. cinerea proteins. (Figure 2C,D). To delineate the structural determinants of this interaction, we systematically generated five truncation mutants of BcCbp80 spanning its annotated functional domains (Figure S3D). Our findings revealed that two N-terminal fragments containing the first MIF4G functional domain-BcCbp80 ^1-370^ and BcCbp80 ^1-577^ exhibit direct and robust interactions with not only the full-length BcCbp20 but also its functional domains BcCbp20 ^54-127^. Conversely, C-terminal fragments (BcCbp80 ^271-577^, BcCbp80 ^560-876^, and BcCbp80 ^271-876^) showed no detectable interaction with BcCbp20 ^54-127^ (Figure S3A, B, and C). In summary, our findings demonstrate a conserved BcCbp20-BcCbp80 interaction in B. cinerea, mechanistically dependent on BcCbp80’s N-terminus binding to BcCbp20 functional domains.

3.4. The BcCBP20 and BcCBP80 Genes Are Involved in the Vegetative Growth of B. cinerea

The elevated sequence identity and conserved interaction network suggest that the CBP protein in B. cinerea likely exerts a regulatory role analogous to its homolog in F. graminearum. To elucidate the biological functions of this RNA-binding protein complex, we generated BcCBP20 and BcCBP80 knockout mutants (ΔBccbp20, ΔBccbp80) via homologous recombination (Figure S4A,C). Genetic complementation strains ΔBccbp20-C and ΔBccbp80-C were successfully reconstructed using native promoters (Figure S4B,D). According to the primer schematic diagram (Figure S4E,G), the deletion mutants and complemented strains were confirmed via PCR and RT-PCR analyses (Figure S4F,H). These results collectively demonstrate the successful integration of the genetic constructs.

Mycelial plugs from wild-type (WT), ΔBccbp20, ΔBccbp80, ΔBccbp20-C, and ΔBccbp80-C strains were inoculated on CM and PDA media. After 72 h incubation, radial growth measurements revealed severe growth impairment in ΔBccbp80 mutants, exhibiting a 60% reduction in diameter compared to WT and ΔBccbp80-C. In contrast, ΔBccbp20 mutants maintained near-WT growth rates (90% of WT and ΔBccbp20-C) (Figure 3A–C). A further microscopic examination revealed that ΔBccbp80 mutants exhibited curved hyphal morphology, in contrast to the straight hyphae observed in WT and ΔBccbp80-C strains. Concurrently, ΔBccbp20 mutants showed no significant differences in hyphal morphology compared to WT and ΔBccbp20-C strains (Figure 3D). These results demonstrate that BcCBP80 plays a more pivotal role than BcCBP20 in regulating hyphal morphogenesis and modulating mycelial nutritional growth.

3.5. BcCBP80 Is Essential for Conidiophore Development and Conidiation in B. cinerea

The abundant conidia produced by B. cinerea during asexual reproduction are essential for disease spread. To elucidate the potential roles of BcCBP20 and BcCBP80 in this process, all strains were cultured on CM plates at 20 °C for 14 days (Figure 4A,D). A quantitative analysis revealed no significant difference in conidial production between ΔBccbp20, WT, and ΔBccbp20-C strains (Figure 4C,G). In contrast, ΔBccbp80 strains exhibited severe sporulation defects (Figure 4G).

Conidial morphology analysis revealed no significant variations in spore dimensions or morphology between the ΔBccbp20 mutants and control strains (Figure 4C,I). Similarly, conidiophore development in ΔBccbp20 mutants was comparable to WT and ΔBccbp20-C strains (Figure 4B). The ΔBccbp80 mutant exhibits complete impairment in conidiophore morphogenesis (Figure 4E), with structural aberrations precluding conidiation initiation.

In addition, we observed spore germination at various time points. Our findings demonstrated no statistically significant difference in conidial germination rates among the tested strains (Figure 4H). However, at corresponding time points, the lengths of the germ tubes of ΔBccbp20-4 and ΔBccbp20-6 mutants were significantly shorter than those of the control strains, accounting for approximately 80–90% of the length observed in both the WT and ΔBccbp20-C strains (Figure 4F,J).

In summary, BcCBP80 exerts a greater influence on conidiophore and conidia production than BcCBP20.

3.6. BcCBP20 and BcCBP80 Play Distinct Roles in Sclerotium Formation

As parental tissues, sclerotia play important roles in both reinfection and stress survival. To investigate the role of CBC in sclerotial formation, mycelial plugs from each test strain were inoculated onto CM plates. After 30 days of incubation, the sclerotia were collected and analyzed (Figure 5A). Intriguingly, the ΔBccbp20 strains demonstrated a marked enhancement in sclerotial production compared to both the WT and the ΔBccbp20-C strains (Figure 5C). Conversely, the ΔBccbp80 strains were completely incapable of producing sclerotia (Figure 5C). Additionally, the sclerotia produced by the ΔBccbp20 strains were only half the size of those of the WT and ΔBccbp20-C strains (Figure 5E).

When we inoculated these sclerotia onto the CM (Figure 5B), we discovered that the smaller sclerotia from the ΔBccbp20 strains were capable of germinating normally (Figure 5F). A further analysis revealed that the mycelial lengths emanating from the sclerotia of ΔBccbp20 strains were approximately 70% of those of the WT and ΔBccbp20-C strains (Figure 5D). Collectively, these results demonstrate that BcCBP20 and BcCBP80 play distinct roles in the process of sclerotium formation, ensuring the stability of sclerotium numbers.

3.7. BcCbp20 and BcCbp80 Are Required for Full Virulence in B. cinerea

To assess the role of CBC in B. cinerea virulence, we conducted pathogenicity assays with WT, ΔBccbp20-4, ΔBccbp20-6, and ΔBccbp20-C strains on multiple hosts using mycelial plugs and conidial suspensions. Firstly, conidial suspensions of the WT, ΔBccbp20-4, ΔBccbp20-6, and ΔBccbp20-C strains were inoculated onto detached bean and tobacco leaves (Figure 6A,B). The lesion sizes were subsequently measured at various time points (Figure 6F,G). The results showed significantly smaller lesions induced by ΔBccbp20-4 and ΔBccbp20-6 compared to the control strains. Similar findings were observed when using mycelial plugs for inoculation (Figure 6A,B,F,G).

Secondly, fungal plugs of the WT, ΔBccbp80-3, ΔBccbp80-33, and ΔBccbp80-C strains were inoculated onto detached bean, apricot, and tobacco leaves (Figure 6C,D,E). The lesion sizes were measured at 32 and 60 hpi. The results indicated that the lesions caused by the BcCBP80 deletion mutant were significantly smaller than those caused by the control strains (Figure 6H). These findings demonstrate that the CBC is essential for the pathogenicity of B. cinerea.

3.8. BcCBP20 and BcCBP80 Are Important for Stress Responses

Emerging evidence establishes the CBC as an important regulator of abiotic stress responses in eukaryotes. Given that phytopathogens encounter multifactorial environmental challenges during host invasion, we propose CBC-mediated stress adaptation as an important factor for full virulence in B. cinerea.

To dissect CBC’s role in stress tolerance, we subjected WT, ΔBccbp20, ΔBccbp80, and their complemented strains to combinatorial stress conditions on CM agar plates. The experimental stress conditions comprised salt stress (1 M NaCl/KCl), membrane and cell wall stress (0.005% SDS, 300 μg/mL Congo red (CR)), oxidative stress (7.5 mM H_2_O_2_), and temperature stress (20 °C vs. 28 °C) (Figure 7A,B,C). The results demonstrated that ΔBccbp20 mutants exhibited significantly enhanced sensitivity to these stressors. Conversely, the growth inhibition rates of ΔBccbp80 mutants were significantly lower than those of both WT and ΔBccbp80-C strains on media containing 1 M NaCl, 0.005% SDS, 300 μg/mL CR, and 7.5 mM H_2_O_2_ but exhibited significantly higher growth inhibition at 28 °C compared to 20 °C (Figure 7D,E).

These findings underscore the crucial role of the CBC in modulating environmental stress responses, which may constitute the primary mechanism underlying the attenuated pathogenicity observed in ΔBccbp20 mutants.

3.9. BcCbp80 Is Essential for Infection Cushion Formation

The experimental data indicate that the reduced pathogenicity of ΔBccbp80 is not due to its impaired response to multiple environmental stressors. Instead, the formation of infection structures is crucial for B. cinerea pathogenicity. Consequently, we investigated the role of the CBC in this process.

Conidial suspensions of WT, ΔBccbp20-4, ΔBccbp20-6, and ΔBccbp20-C strains were inoculated onto glass slides and incubated at 20 °C under high humidity in darkness. Appressoria formation occurred in all strains within 8 hpi, with no significant differences observed between strains (Figure 8A,D). For an infection cushion analysis, conidia were similarly inoculated and monitored at 24, 36, and 48 h intervals. Both size and quantity showed no significant variation between ΔBccbp20 mutants and controls (Figure 8B,E,F). Notably, fungal plugs of ΔBccbp80-3 and ΔBccbp80-33 mutants exhibited severe infection cushion defects at 56 hpi, showing a 50% size reduction and 75% quantity decrease compared to WT and complemented strains (Figure 8C,G,H).

These results establish BcCBP80’s predominant role over BcCBP20 in infection structure formation, with structural deficiencies directly correlating with ΔBccbp80’s reduced pathogenicity.

4. Discussion

In terms of interaction, the physical binding between Cbp20 and Cbp80 is highly conserved, from unicellular eukaryotes to mammals. However, there is very little experimental evidence to prove the interaction between them in filamentous pathogenic fungi. In F. graminearum, the physical interaction between FgCbp20 and FgCbp80 has only been experimentally validated using the yeast two-hybrid method. In Neurospora crassa, it has been demonstrated that NcCbp20 and NcCbp80 have a close interaction only through the utilization of Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation [49]. Similarly, our study also confirmed this direct interaction between BcCbp20 and BcCbp80, using multiple methods in B. cinerea, including Y2H, GST-pull down, and SLC assays. Additionally, our experiments have further demonstrated that the interaction primarily relies on the N-terminus of BcCbp80 and the functional domain of BcCbp20. Our analysis has revealed that the MIF4G domain found in BcCbp80 is typically involved in forming protein complexes, which subsequently play pivotal roles in various stages of translation, including translation initiation and mRNA quality control processes. For example, the MIF4G domain is also present in eIF4G (eukaryotic initiation factor 4-gamma), a scaffold protein that is crucial in translation initiation by aiding in the recruitment of other translation factors to the 5’ cap structure of mRNA [50]. In contrast, BcCbp20 contains functional domains known as RNA Recognition Motifs (RRMs), which are critical regions for RNA-binding proteins to interact with RNA molecules. These RRMs can recognize and bind to specific sequences on RNA molecules, thereby playing a role in regulating the RNA lifecycle, including processes such as mRNA synthesis and maturation, the activation of non-coding RNA (ncRNA), splicing, and degradation [51]. In B. cinerea, the presence of functional domains is a crucial factor for the interactional conservation of BcCbp80 and BcCbp20 and also represents the key features for them to play a pivotal role in filamentous pathogenic fungi.

CBP20 and CBP80 play crucial roles, as evidenced by previous studies [23,24,25]. The evolutionarily conserved relationships across diverse species suggest that BcCBP20 and BcCBP80 also play important roles in B. cinerea. From our results, while CBC is vital for fungal growth and development, BcCBP80 plays a more critical role than BcCBP20 in hyphal growth and sporulation. This aligns with findings in N. crassa, where CBC has robust expression levels in vegetative and sexual cycles, and the loss of CBC impairs sexual development [49]. Intriguingly, studies in yeast reveal that CBC-deficient strains retain viability but suffer severe growth defects. This supports our observation of impaired fungal development in B. cinerea CBC mutants, which may similarly stem from disrupted splicing or the translation of ribosomal protein mRNAs. Such conserved phenotypes across fungi and yeast underscore CBC’s universal role in balancing RNA processing and translational fidelity—a critical nexus for cellular homeostasis [20,21].

CBC is capable of forming a microprocessor complex with the Dicer-like protein (DCL), which is responsible for processing pri-miRNA [14]. Wang et al. demonstrated that the host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) of BcDCL1 and BcDCL2 in Arabidopsis and tomato significantly silenced these fungal genes and suppressed B. cinerea virulence and hyphal growth. [52]. Bui et al. also demonstrated that the disruption of any CBCA complex subunit drastically attenuated the virulence of F. graminearum [48]. Our results indicate that both ΔBccbp20 and ΔBccbp80 significantly reduce pathogenicity towards the host as well. We show that BcCbp20 plays a crucial role in the response to environmental stress; this might be the key factor contributing to the reduced pathogenicity of BcCbp20. Much research has focused on the interplay between CBP20/80 and stress responses in plants [26,27,28,29]. As we know, during host infection, fungi are subjected to a complex array of environmental stress factors, including temperature fluctuations, osmotic challenges, oxidative stress, and others [53].These stress factors interact with each other, collectively influencing the growth, development, and infection capabilities of fungi [54]. Hydrogen peroxide accumulation serves as a pivotal defense mechanism in plants against fungal invasions [55,56]. To counteract the oxidative stress induced by their hosts, pathogenic fungi engage in transcriptional, post-translational, and enzymatic responses to resist ROS toxicity and facilitate the adaptation to the host environment [37,57]. The ΔBccbp20 mutants exhibit sensitivity to H_2_O_2_ in vitro, which may hinder their ability to degrade ROS generated by the host during pathogen infection, subsequently diminishing their pathogenicity. Temperature is equally crucial for the growth and infection of fungi. B. cinerea exhibit varying degrees of adaptability to temperature, with extreme temperatures potentially inhibiting spore germination and mycelial growth, thereby affecting their pathogenicity [58]. The cell membrane, a critical cellular structure, is responsible for maintaining cell morphology and defending against external stressors [39,59]. Compared to the WT and complemented strains, the ΔBccbp20 mutants exhibit a higher sensitivity to the cell membrane-disrupting factor SDS, as well as to osmotic stress factors KCl and NaCl. This response to stress may also be the primary cause of vegetative growth defects and reduced germ tube length in ΔBccbp20 mutants. As we all know, B. cinerea primarily invades host plant cells or tissues via its infection structures, notably appressoria and infection cushions [60]. Regarding BcCBP80, although slower growth rates and abnormal mycelial morphology contribute to the reduced pathogenicity, the predominant factor lies in the decrease in both the quantity and size of infection cushions, which are critical for the establishment and progression of the infection process. There have been reports that the phenomenon of the reduction in the number and size of infection cushions leads to a decrease in the pathogenicity of mutants towards their hosts [36,61]. Pathogenicity assays conducted on ∆Bccbp80 mutants using mycelial plugs demonstrate that the loss of BcCBP80 in the pathogen significantly impairs the virulence of the ∆Bccbp80 mutants, with the formation of infection cushions playing a pivotal role.

5. Conclusions

The utilization of continuously refined genetic transformation techniques to elucidate the functions of pathogenic genes in B. cinerea is crucial for identifying novel drug targets, thereby facilitating the development of innovative pesticides [62]. In this study, we found that BcCbp20 interacts with BcCbp80. The interaction specifically relies on the N-terminus of the BcCbp80 protein and the functional domain of BcCbp20. Functionally, the nucleus-localized BcCBP20 and BcCBP80 govern vegetative development and sporulation. Notably, ΔBccbp20 exhibits attenuated virulence likely associated with hypersensitivity to environmental stresses; whereas, ΔBccbp80 appears to affect pathogenicity through impaired infection cushion formation, among other factors. These results provide mechanistic insights into CBC-dependent regulatory circuits in B. cinerea and establish a foundation for developing CBC-targeted disease management strategies.