# Attention and Outcomes Across Learning Conditions in L2 Vocabulary Acquisition: Evidence from Eye-Tracking

## TL;DR

This study uses eye-tracking to explore how intentional learning affects attention and vocabulary acquisition in second language learners.

## Contribution

The study provides empirical evidence on how intentional learning conditions influence attention and vocabulary learning outcomes in L2 learners.

## Key findings

- Fixation stability and regression movements differ under intentional learning conditions.
- Post-test results show a shift in attention from adjectives to associated nouns.
- Intentional learning strategies significantly impact L2 vocabulary acquisition.

## Abstract

The role of attention has been shown to be essential in second language (L2) learning. However, the impact of different learning conditions on attention and learning outcomes remains underdeveloped, particularly through the application of eye-tracking technology. This study aims to evaluate the effect of intentional learning conditions (i.e., data-driven learning) on vocabulary learning and attentional allocations. Twenty-six intermediate English L2 learners participated in the study to learn the usage of four artificial attributive adjectives in noun phrases (NPs). Learning outcomes were analysed to assess the types of knowledge developed, shedding light on the role of attention and the conscious processing of word usage. Eye-tracking data, collected using Eyelink 1000 plus, investigated gaze patterns and the allocation of attentional sources when applying the learned usage of adjectives. The results indicate that fixation stability and regression movements significantly differ under the impact of intentional learning conditions. Post-test results also indicate a shift in attention from the target adjectives to the associated nouns. These findings underscore the critical role of attention and highlight the influence of learning conditions on L2 vocabulary learning, providing practical implications and empirical validation for L2 educators and researchers aiming to enhance vocabulary instruction through intentional learning strategies.