# Structural and Functional Insights into a Novel Aspergillus ochraceus Polysaccharide from the Weddell Sea: Implications for Melanoma Immunotherapy In Vitro

## TL;DR

A unique polysaccharide from an Antarctic fungus shows promise in fighting melanoma by activating immune cells and inhibiting cancer cell growth.

## Contribution

This is the first documented Antarctic fungal polysaccharide with macrophage-reprogramming capabilities against melanoma.

## Key findings

- The AOP inhibited melanoma cell proliferation and migration in a dose-dependent manner.
- The AOP activated macrophages and induced the release of inflammatory factors like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.
- The AOP upregulated CD86 and IFN-γ while downregulating IL-4 and Arg1 genes.

## Abstract

Immunotherapy is a transformative strategy in oncology, yet the development of novel immunomodulatory agents remains essential. This study explores the anti-tumor potential of a structurally unique polysaccharide isolated from an Aspergillus ochraceus (AOP), sourced from the Antarctic Weddell Sea. Using alkaline-assisted extraction and chromatographic purification, we obtained a homogeneous polysaccharide predominantly composed of galactose and mannose, with an average molecular weight of 39.67 kDa. The structure was characterized by an integrated nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry analysis, revealing that the AOP is composed of β (1→5)-linked galactofuranose units, with a minor substitution by α-D-mannopyranose residues via (1→2) glycosidic bonds at the C2 of the galactofuranose. Functional assays, including CCK8 and wound-healing tests, demonstrated that this polysaccharide, referred to as AOP, inhibited melanoma cell proliferation and migration in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, the AOP activated RAW264.7 and bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) cells without exhibiting significant cytotoxicity, leading to the release of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Mechanistically, the AOP was found to upregulate the expression of CD86 and IFN-γ, while downregulating genes like IL-4 and Arg1. These findings position the AOP as the first documented Antarctic fungal polysaccharide with macrophage-reprogramming capabilities against melanoma, offering novel molecular insights for marine-derived immunotherapeutics.