# The Treatment of Psychotic and Bipolar Disorders Within the South African Context: Perspectives of a Clinical Pharmacist

## TL;DR

This study explores how clinical pharmacists help manage psychotic and bipolar disorders in a South African hospital, finding that their interventions improve medication use and guideline adherence.

## Contribution

The study highlights the underexplored role of clinical pharmacists in optimizing psychotropic medication use in South African tertiary care settings.

## Key findings

- Clinical pharmacists identified 62 medication-related problems and proposed 77 interventions, 65 of which were implemented.
- Prescriptions adhered to South African, NICE, and APA guidelines at rates of 75%, 76%, and 71%, respectively.
- The study emphasizes the importance of pharmacists in improving treatment monitoring and medication adherence.

## Abstract

Background: The effective management of psychotic and bipolar disorders in tertiary care can improve patient outcomes, yet the role of clinical pharmacists in optimising psychotropic medication use remains underexplored in South Africa. This study aims to investigate the role and interventions of clinical pharmacists in managing psychotic and bipolar disorders within a tertiary hospital in South Africa. Methods: A quantitative, descriptive study was conducted among 60 adult patients admitted to the psychiatric and internal medicine wards diagnosed with psychotic and/or bipolar disorder. A previously validated, standardised pharmaceutical care form was utilised for a purposive sample of inpatient files. Medication-related problems were identified, and appropriate interventions were suggested. Prescriptions were also assessed for adherence to treatment guidelines, including the South African Standard Treatment Guidelines, the American Psychiatric Association guidelines, and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines. Results: The study included 60 patients (37 females) with a mean age of 37 years. Diagnoses included schizophrenia (28.8%), bipolar disorder (27.5%), and stimulant-induced psychosis (19.3%). Sixty-two medication-related problems were identified, leading to 77 proposed interventions, of which 65 were implemented. Among the prescriptions, 75% (n = 45) adhered to the South African Standard Treatment guidelines, 76% (n = 46) adhered to the NICE guidelines, and 71% (n = 43) adhered to the APA guidelines. Conclusions: Clinical pharmacists identified a number of medication-related problems in patients with psychotic and bipolar disorders, and their proposed interventions were largely accepted. The findings highlight the pharmacist’s role in optimising medication therapy and adherence to guidelines, suggesting that improved treatment monitoring is necessary in this setting.