# Medically Attended Outpatient Parainfluenza Virus Infections in Young Children from a Single Site in Machala, Ecuador

## TL;DR

This study examines parainfluenza virus infections in young children in Ecuador, revealing their seasonal patterns and health impacts.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into the seasonality and clinical features of PIV infections in coastal Ecuador.

## Key findings

- Parainfluenza viruses were detected in 9% of enrolled children under 5 years old.
- PIV infections were most common between March and July, with no shift post-SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
- Clinical manifestations included upper respiratory illness, laryngotracheitis, and bronchiolitis.

## Abstract

Parainfluenza virus (PIV) infections contribute to the overall childhood morbidity from acute respiratory illness, yet virus-specific epidemiologic data are lacking across many regions globally. Here, we describe the clinical manifestations, seasonality, and meteorologic associations with PIV infections in Ecuadorian children. Between July 2018 and July 2023, we documented demographic and clinical information from children younger than 5 years seen in a single public health clinic with signs and symptoms consistent with an acute respiratory infection. Nasopharyngeal swabs collected at study enrollment underwent multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic testing (Biofire FilmArray v. 1.7™). Regional meteorological data from the same period were provided by Ecuador’s Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia e Hidrologia. Parainfluenza viruses were detected in 9% of the 1251 enrolled subjects. PIVs were most frequently detected between March and July, with no change in seasonality following SARS-CoV-2 pandemic onset. Clinical manifestations of PIV infections included non-specific upper respiratory illness (82%), laryngotracheitis (3%), and bronchiolitis (11%). Events of PIV detection were negatively associated with ambient temperature and rainfall. Our findings highlight the contribution that PIVs play in the morbidity associated with pediatric medically attended outpatient respiratory tract infection and provide new insights into the seasonal epidemiology of PIV infections in coastal Ecuador.