# Utilization of Flotation Wastewater for Metal Xanthate Gel Synthesis and Its Role in Polyaniline-Based Supercapacitor Electrode Fabrication

## TL;DR

This paper shows how copper ore processing wastewater can be used to make a gel that improves supercapacitor electrodes.

## Contribution

A novel method is presented for converting flotation wastewater into a functional material for supercapacitor electrodes.

## Key findings

- Flotation wastewater can be transformed into a xanthate gel useful for polyaniline nanocomposite synthesis.
- The gel-based nanocomposite shows high capacitance and cycling stability in supercapacitor tests.
- The approach offers a way to repurpose industrial waste into energy storage materials.

## Abstract

The aim of this study is to explore the feasibility of using flotation wastewater from copper–porphyry ore processing to synthesize a gel that serves as a precursor for a polymer nanocomposite used in supercapacitor electrode fabrication. These wastewaters—characterized by high acidity and elevated concentrations of metal cations (Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe), sulfates, and organic reagents such as xanthates, oil (20 g/t ore), flotation frother (methyl isobutyl carbinol), and pyrite depressant (CaO, 500–1000 g/t), along with residues from molybdenum flotation (sulfuric acid, sodium hydrosulfide, and kerosene)—are byproducts of copper–porphyry gold-bearing ore beneficiation. The reduction of Ni powder in the wastewater induces the degradation and formation of a gel that captures both residual metal ions and organic compounds—particularly xanthates—which play a crucial role in the subsequent steps. The resulting gel is incorporated during the oxidative polymerization of aniline, forming a nanocomposite with a polyaniline matrix and embedded xanthate-based compounds. An asymmetric supercapacitor was assembled using the synthesized material as the cathodic electrode. Electrochemical tests revealed remarkable capacitance and cycling stability, demonstrating the potential of this novel approach both for the valorization of industrial waste streams and for enhancing the performance of energy storage devices.