# A Case Study on the Microbiological Consequences of Short Supply Chains in High-Income Countries—The Consequences of Good Handling Practices (GHPs) in Vegetable Outlets in Portugal

## TL;DR

This study examines how good handling practices in local vegetable markets in Portugal affect microbial contamination and food safety.

## Contribution

It provides empirical evidence on the impact of GHPs in reducing contamination in short supply chains in a high-income country.

## Key findings

- Microbial hazards were detected on vegetables, surfaces, and hands before and after GHP implementation.
- Improved GHPs reduced contamination levels associated with handling practices.
- The study emphasizes the importance of GHPs in protecting consumer health and supporting farmers' businesses.

## Abstract

Vegetables are commodities frequently sold in local markets and have been associated with foodborne outbreaks in short and local supply outlets worldwide. These outbreaks could potentially be mitigated through the implementation of good handling practices (GHPs) at points of sale. Numerous studies have assessed microbiological contamination in small-scale vegetable outlets in developing countries. In contrast, research on these risks in developed countries is comparatively scarce. However, with the increasing demand for vegetables, along with the increasing popularity of local markets, there is potential for an increase in foodborne outbreaks in developed countries. This study aimed to perform a microbiological assessment in local and short supply chain outlets of farmers in Portugal, as a case study, and to observe behaviors regarding GHPs in these outlets. The study was performed before and after the implementation of improved GHPs. This research employed quantitative analysis to measure the microbial load on vegetables, bench surfaces, and vendors’ hands. Additionally, a qualitative analysis was conducted to understand farmers’ behavior regarding GHPs using observational methods. Microbial hazards were detected in vegetables, on surfaces, and on hands both before and after the implementation of these practices, although the implementation of GHPs reduced the number of contaminations potentially associated with the practices used at the outlets. The results of this study highlight the importance of implementing GHPs in local and short supply chain markets for vegetables and fruits in developed countries, not only to protect consumers’ health, but also the farmers’ businesses.