# Separation-of-Function Alleles of smc-5 Reveal Domain-Specific Defects and a Conserved Residue Critical for Genome Maintenance

## TL;DR

This study identifies new mutations in the SMC-5 gene that affect genome stability and DNA repair in C. elegans.

## Contribution

The study discovers novel separation-of-function alleles in SMC-5 that reveal domain-specific defects and a conserved residue critical for genome maintenance.

## Key findings

- Three novel smc-5 alleles (wsh31, wsh32, wsh33) were identified that impair NSE-1::GFP nuclear localization.
- The alleles show reduced brood size, progeny viability, and increased male percentages.
- Allele-specific hypersensitivities to DNA-damaging agents were observed in a developmental stage-dependent manner.

## Abstract

The SMC-5/6 complex safeguards genome stability through the coordinated action of its core SMC proteins and associated NSE subunits. NSE-1 is a key component of the complex and is essential for DNA repair, yet it remains poorly characterized in Caenorhabditis elegans. To further elucidate the functional mechanisms of NSE-1, we performed an EMS-based forward genetic screen in an nse-1::gfp(wsh1) reporter strain to identify mutants with defective NSE-1 expression or nuclear localization. We isolated three mutants; smc-5(wsh31), smc-5(wsh32), and smc-5(wsh33), that display impaired NSE-1::GFP nuclear localization. SNP mapping and whole-genome sequencing revealed three novel smc-5 alleles: two truncations, alleles smc-5(wsh31) (C587*) and smc-5(wsh32) (Q655*), and one missense variant, smc-5(wsh33) (Y975D), each altering a highly conserved residue in the SMC domain. All three mutants exhibited significantly reduced brood size, progeny viability, and slightly elevated male percentages. Phenotypic characterization revealed that the truncations completely abrogate NSE-1::GFP nuclear localization, whereas the missense allele causes stage-dependent, partial mislocalization. Functional assays further demonstrated allele-specific and developmental stage-dependent hypersensitivities to DNA-damaging agents (MMS, HU, and cisplatin). These separation-of-function smc-5 alleles underscore the importance of domains and conserved residues in complex integrity and genome maintenance, and provide powerful genetic tools to dissect SMC-5/6 functions in vivo.