# Flow-Based Dielectrophoretic Biosensor for Detection of Bacteriophage MS2 as a Foodborne Virus Surrogate

## TL;DR

A new biosensor was developed to quickly detect foodborne viruses like norovirus using a bacteriophage as a model in a portable and efficient way.

## Contribution

The novel contribution is a flow-based dielectrophoretic biosensor for rapid and field-deployable detection of foodborne viruses using bacteriophage MS2 as a surrogate.

## Key findings

- The biosensor detected MS2 with a sensitivity of 102 PFU/mL within 15 minutes.
- Current measurements increased with SWCNT-coated electrodes compared to uncoated ones.
- Antibody immobilization enhanced current changes, confirming specific biorecognition events.

## Abstract

Norovirus, a foodborne pathogen, causes a significant economic and health burden globally. Although detection methods exist, they are expensive and non-field deployable. A flow-based dielectrophoretic biosensor was designed for the detection of foodborne pathogenic viruses and was tested using bacteriophage MS2 as a norovirus surrogate. The flow-based MS2 sensor comprises a concentrator and a detector. The concentrator is an interdigitated electrode array designed to impart dielectrophoretic effects to manipulate viral particles toward the detector in a fluidic channel. The detector is made of a silver electrode conjugated with anti-MS2 IgG to allow for antibody–antigen biorecognition events and is supplied with the electrical current for the purpose of measurement. Serially diluted MS2 suspensions were continuously injected into the fluidic channel at 0.1 mL/min. A cyclic voltammogram indicated that current measurements from single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-coated electrodes increased compared to uncoated electrodes. Additionally, a drop in the current measurements after antibody immobilization and MS2 capture was observed with the developed electrodes. Antibody immobilization at the biorecognition site provided greater current changes with the antibody-MS2 complexes vs. the assays without antibodies. The electric field applied to the fluidic channel at 10 Vpp and 1 MHz contributed to an increase in current changes in response to MS2 bound on the detector and was dependent on the MS2 concentrations in the sample. The developed biosensor was able to detect MS2 with a sensitivity of 102 PFU/mL within 15 min. Overall, this work demonstrates a proof of concept for a rapid and field-deployable strategy to detect foodborne pathogens.