# Digitalized Thermal Inspection Method of the Low-Frequency Stimulation Pads for Preventing Low-Temperature Burn in Sensitive Skin

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a digital thermal inspection method to prevent low-temperature burns from stimulation pads used on sensitive skin.

## Contribution

The study proposes a novel background subtraction method using standard deviation of pixel history for accurate thermal inspection of complex-shaped pads.

## Key findings

- The proposed SDPH-based BGS method successfully separates thermal pads from background regardless of shape or position.
- The SDPH method demonstrated higher accuracy and simplicity compared to conventional BGS techniques.
- The method can detect safety risks of low-temperature burns and improve product reliability for human use.

## Abstract

An accurate thermal measurement of low-frequency stimulation (LFS) pads for thermotherapy was investigated using background subtraction (BGS) methods. The safety of LFS thermal pads must be investigated to prevent low-temperature burns (LTBs), because they frequently contact the sensitive skin in neck, shoulder and abdominal regions. The thermal measurement was based on thermal imaging using the active region-of-interest (ROI) from a foreground. The shape of the LFS thermal pad consists of complicated curves, thus it is difficult to extract the foreground using conventional shapes of ROIs. We proposed the foreground extraction using background subtraction (BGS) and digital and morphological filters to time-variant thermal images. The foreground extraction was implemented using open sources and experimented for abdominal, cervical and patellar pads. The results showed that the foreground can be separated from background regardless of the size, position, orientation and shape of the pad. The thermal characteristics of the LFS thermal pads were evaluated from the complicated shapes of the foreground with high accuracy. This study demonstrated that standard deviation of pixel history (SDPH) is a simple method for the BGS, but the SDPH is useful to find the safety risk of LTBs and prevent them in advance. The results also showed that the proposed SDPH was simple but had remarkable accuracy compared with the conventional BGS methods. These BGS methods are expected to increase the reliability of products used on the human body. Further, the BGS methods can be used to inspect the temperatures of static products in industrial processes.