# The emerging roles of ubiquitin-like modifications in regulating HIV replication and host defense

## TL;DR

This paper explores how ubiquitin-like modifications regulate HIV replication and host defense, offering insights for new HIV treatments.

## Contribution

The paper highlights the dual roles of UBL modifications in modulating both host and viral factors during HIV infection.

## Key findings

- UBL modifications impact key steps of the HIV life cycle and immune evasion.
- UBLs modulate host restriction factors and viral proteins.
- UBLs provide a framework for developing novel HIV therapies targeting virus-host interactions.

## Abstract

As a post-translational modification (PTM) mechanism analogous to ubiquitination, ubiquitin-like (UBL) modification plays a crucial regulatory role in virus-host interactions. With the increasing discovery of UBL modification types, their roles in diverse biological process, including HIV infection, have gained growing attention. Rather than merely serving as anti-HIV defenses or being exploited by the virus, UBLs often exert dual roles by modulating both host restriction factors and viral proteins, thereby impacting key steps of HIV life cycle, immune evasion, and intracellular signaling. This article summarizes recent advances on the contribution of UBLs in regulating HIV replication and host defense, highlighting their indispensable roles in arms races between HIV and host, aiming to provide a theoretical framework for developing novel therapeutic strategies against HIV-1 targeting virus-host interactions.