# Isolation and selection of indigenous chicken-derived Bacillus subtilis strains as potential probiotic alternatives to antibiotics against Gram-negative enteropathogens

## TL;DR

This study identifies two Bacillus subtilis strains from chicken feces that can fight harmful bacteria in poultry, offering a potential probiotic alternative to antibiotics.

## Contribution

The study isolates and evaluates indigenous Bacillus subtilis strains as effective and stable probiotic candidates against poultry enteropathogens.

## Key findings

- Six B. subtilis strains showed antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. typhimurium.
- B. subtilis BSn5 survived freeze-drying for two months and colonized the chicken intestine.
- Strains H1 and BSn5 were identified as the most promising probiotic candidates.

## Abstract

The increasing antibiotic resistance in poultry pathogens presents a significant public health risk, leading to the exploration of effective alternatives in broiler feed, particularly probiotics such as Bacillus subtilis. This study aimed to isolate B. subtilis strains from indigenous chicken feces that can inhibit Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium strains, common causes of diarrhea in poultry.

Bacillus strains were isolated from chicken feces and screened for antibacterial activity using an agar well diffusion assay. Bacillus strains were identified via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Their probiotic potential was assessed through in vitro assays measuring extracellular enzyme production, adhesion properties, and resilience to acidic and bile salt conditions. Freeze-drying techniques were applied to evaluate strain viability and stability. In vivo studies determined the colonization ability of selected strains in the chicken intestine.

From 121 B.
subtilis isolates, six B. subtilis strains demonstrated notable antibacterial activity against both E. coli and S. typhimurium. Five strains were confirmed as B. subtilis through sequencing. Based on their probiotic attributes, B. subtilis H1 and B. subtilis BSn5 were identified as the most promising candidates. Notably, B. subtilis BSn5 exhibited stable viability when freeze-dried, surviving for up to two months, and successfully colonized the chicken intestinal tract in vivo.

These findings indicate that B. subtilis BSn5 may serve as a viable probiotic alternative to antibiotics in poultry, with regular supplementation necessary to sustain its benefits.