# New loci and candidate genes in spring two-rowed barley detected through meta-analysis of a field trial European network

## TL;DR

This study uses a meta-analysis of barley field trials across Europe to identify new genetic regions and genes linked to yield and other important traits in spring barley.

## Contribution

The study introduces new QTLs and candidate genes for barley traits, revealing breeding history and environment-specific genetic effects.

## Key findings

- Meta-analysis detected new QTLs for yield, plant height, grain weight, and heading time in spring barley.
- Favorable alleles for plant height were fixed earlier in breeding than those for grain yield and grain weight.
- The deficiens allele of gene Vrs1 is associated with higher grain yield in barley.

## Abstract

A dense genome-wide meta-analysis provides new QTLs, reveals breeding history trends and identifies new candidate genes for yield, plant height, grain weight, and heading time of spring barley.

This study contributes new knowledge on quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and candidate genes for adaptive traits and yield in two-rowed spring barley. A meta-analysis of a network of field trials, varying in latitude and sowing date, with 151 cultivars across several European countries, increased QTL detection power compared to single-trial analyses. The traits analysed were heading date (HD), plant height (PH), thousand-grain weight (TGW), and grain yield (GY). Breaking down the analysis by the main genotype-by-environment trends revealed QTLs and candidate genes specific to conditions like sowing date and latitude. A historical look on the evolution of QTL frequencies revealed that early selection focused on PH and TGW, likely due to their high heritability. GY selection occurred later, facilitated by reduced variance in other traits. The study observed that favourable alleles for plant height were often fixed before those for grain yield and TGW. Some regions showed linkage in repulsion, suggesting targets for future breeding. Several candidate genes were identified, including known genes and new candidates based on orthology with rice. Remarkably, the deficiens allele of gene Vrs1 appears associated with higher GY. These findings provide valuable insights for barley breeders aiming to improve yield and other agronomic traits.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00122-025-04934-8.