# In Silico, Patient-Specific Assessment of Local Hemodynamic Predictors and Neointimal Hyperplasia Localisation in an Arteriovenous Graft

## TL;DR

This study uses patient-specific computational models to better understand how blood flow patterns in arteriovenous grafts relate to the development of tissue growth that can block blood flow.

## Contribution

A novel patient-specific CFD workflow for arteriovenous grafts using pathophysiological boundary conditions and verified with medical data.

## Key findings

- High turbulent kinetic energy and balanced helical flow structures at baseline correlate with neointimal hyperplasia growth at follow-up.
- Transverse wall shear stress is a stronger predictor of neointimal hyperplasia than other near-wall hemodynamic indices.

## Abstract

Most computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies on arteriovenous grafts (AVGs) adopt idealised geometries and simplified boundary conditions (BCs), potentially resulting in misleading conclusions when attempting to predict neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) development. Moreover, they often analyse a limited range of hemodynamic indices, lack verification, and fail to link the graft-altered hemodynamics with follow-up data. This study develops a novel patient-specific CFD workflow for AVGs using pathophysiological BCs. It verifies the CFD results with patient medical data and assesses the co-localisation between CFD results and NIH regions at follow-up.

Contrast-enhanced computed tomography angiography images were used to segment the patient’s AVG geometry. A uniform Doppler ultrasound (DUS)-derived velocity profile was imposed at the inlet, and three-element Windkessel models were applied at the arterial outlets of the domain. Transient, rigid-wall simulations were performed using the k–ω SST turbulence model. The CFD-derived flow waveform was compared with the patient’s DUS image to ensure verification. Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), helicity and near-wall hemodynamic descriptors were calculated and linked with regions presenting NIH from a 4-month follow-up fistulogram.

In the analysed patient, areas presenting high TKE and balanced helical flow structures at baseline exhibit NIH growth at follow-up. Transverse wall shear stress index is a stronger predictor of NIH than other commonly analysed near-wall hemodynamic indices, since luminal areas subjected to high values greatly co-localise with observed areas of remodelling.

This patient-specific computational workflow for AVGs could be applied to a larger cohort to unravel the link between altered hemodynamics and NIH progression in vascular access.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10439-025-03737-8.