# Testing for Measurement Invariance (MI): Do the Structures of Microaggression, Discrimination, and Resilience Among Black Women Living with HIV Remain the Same Across Time?

## TL;DR

This study examines how experiences of discrimination, microaggressions, and resilience change over time among Black women living with HIV, using statistical methods to identify patterns and subgroups.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel approach combining latent class and repeated measure analysis to assess measurement invariance and track psychosocial changes in a specific population over time.

## Key findings

- Measurement invariance was partially met, allowing comparison of discrimination, microaggressions, and resilience across time.
- Latent class analysis identified three subgroups with distinct patterns of discrimination, microaggressions, and resilience over time.
- Resilience increased over time in the subgroup with initially low discrimination and microaggressions.

## Abstract

Assessing measurement invariance and the interplay of discrimination, microaggressions, and resilience among Black women living with HIV (BWLWH) across time utilizing latent class and repeated measure analysis may provide novel insights. A total of 151 BWLWH in a southeastern U.S. city completed surveys focused on multiple forms of microaggressions and discrimination (race, gender, sexual orientation, or HIV-related) and resilience factors (social support, self-efficacy, post-traumatic growth) at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. To capture the psychosocial domains of discrimination, microaggressions, and resilience, three latent factors were developed and measured across three time points. Latent class analysis was also conducted to identify and compare meaningful subgroups based on varying levels of discrimination, microaggressions, and resilience reported. Three latent classes were created. MI testing suggested that measurement invariance was partially met (established metric invariance and scalar invariance), and it is possible to compare factor means of discrimination, microaggressions, and resilience across time. Latent factor mean scores of microaggressions and discrimination decreased after 3 and 6 months and increased for resilience after 6 months and varied over time across the three latent classes identified. The subgroup with the lowest level of discrimination and microaggressions and the highest level of resilience reported at baseline, experienced increases in resilience after months 3 and 6. Clinical interventions, research, and policies aimed at promoting resilience and reducing structural and social barriers linked to racism, sexism, HIV stigma, and classism are needed to improve the health and well-being of BWLWH.