Mumps Vaccine-Associated Aseptic Meningitis Complicated by Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion

TL;DR

A teenager developed a rare neurological condition and low sodium levels after receiving the mumps vaccine, highlighting the need for awareness of this uncommon side effect.

Contribution

This case report documents a rare instance of mumps vaccine-associated aseptic meningitis complicated by SIADH, emphasizing diagnostic considerations.

Findings

CSF analysis confirmed aseptic meningitis with monocyte-predominant pleocytosis and elevated protein.

PCR and sequencing identified the Torii vaccine strain in CSF, linking the condition to recent vaccination.

The case highlights the importance of considering vaccine-related aseptic meningitis in patients with neurological symptoms and SIADH post-vaccination.

Abstract

Mumps vaccine is generally safe; however, aseptic meningitis remains a rare but recognized adverse event. We report the case of a 15-year-old male who developed a progressive headache and hyponatremia, leading to a diagnosis of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). As his symptoms worsened, CSF analysis revealed pleocytosis with monocyte predominance and elevated protein levels, resulting in a diagnosis of aseptic meningitis. A detailed history showed that he had received a mumps vaccine 27 days prior to admission. PCR testing of the CSF detected mumps virus, and direct sequencing confirmed 100% identity with the Torii vaccine strain. Although the incidence of vaccine-associated aseptic meningitis is significantly lower than that following natural mumps infection, clinicians should remain vigilant, particularly in patients presenting with neurological symptoms and SIADH after mumps vaccination. Early recognition of CNS involvement and careful review of vaccination history are essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. This case underscores the importance of considering vaccine-associated aseptic meningitis in the differential diagnosis of patients with hyponatremia and progressive headache following mumps vaccination, even when vaccination occurs beyond the routine immunization age.

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