# A Retrospective Study on the Incidence, Mortality, and Risk Factors of Hodgkin Lymphoma in Pakistan

## TL;DR

This study examines the incidence, mortality, and risk factors of Hodgkin lymphoma in Pakistan, highlighting late diagnoses and poor outcomes in rural areas.

## Contribution

The study provides the first detailed analysis of HL in Pakistan, emphasizing socioeconomic and geographic disparities in diagnosis and treatment.

## Key findings

- HL incidence peaks in young adults, with males accounting for 65% of cases.
- Late-stage diagnosis and limited treatment access in rural areas correlate with higher mortality.
- EBV infection and low socioeconomic status are linked to poorer survival rates.

## Abstract

Background: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a type of cancer that affects lymphatic tissues and is marked by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, which are large, abnormal lymphocytes. Involvement of the head and neck region is a prominent feature in HL, often serving as the initial clinical presentation of the disease.

Objective: The main objective of the study is to find the incidence, mortality rate, and risk factors for HL in the Pakistani population.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted with 50 patients diagnosed with HL across three cancer treatment centers in Pakistan. Data were collected from medical records and structured patient interviews, examining demographic factors, clinical stage, treatment types, and risk factors, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Statistical analyses assessed correlations between risk factors, disease stage, and mortality.

Results: The highest incidence was observed in young adults (18-30 years), with males representing 65% of cases. Mortality was significantly higher among patients diagnosed at advanced stages (stage III and IV), particularly in rural areas with limited access to treatment. EBV infection and low socioeconomic status were associated with late-stage diagnosis and poorer survival rates. Patients receiving combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy showed better one-year survival outcomes.

Conclusion: HL in Pakistan is characterized by late-stage diagnosis, high mortality, and socioeconomic disparities affecting access to care. Addressing these challenges through improved awareness, early screening, and accessible treatment could reduce mortality and improve outcomes.