# Impact of Silanized Nanographene Oxide Concentrations in Different Primers on Bonding Durability between Resin Cement and Zirconia

## TL;DR

This study shows that adding silanized nanographene oxide to primers can improve the bonding durability between resin cement and zirconia, even after aging.

## Contribution

The study introduces the use of silanized nanographene oxide in primers to enhance bonding durability between resin cement and zirconia.

## Key findings

- Primers with 0.9% SGO showed the best wettability of the ZrO2 surface.
- ZP primer with SGO maintained bond strength after thermocycling, unlike other primers.
- SGO-embedded primers improved long-term stability of resin cement to zirconia.

## Abstract

Objectives
 Zirconia (ZrO
2
) has been used in dental restorations due to its increased mechanical properties, biocompatibility, low degree of bacterial adhesion, and acceptable optical properties. One of the major drawbacks of ZrO
2
is its short-term durable bond with resin cement. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different primers embedded with silanized nanographene oxide (SGO) sheets on the wettability of ZrO
2
surface and bond strength durability between resin cement and ZrO
2
.

Materials and Methods
 Four hundred ZrO
2
specimens were divided into four main groups as each group had 100 specimens according to the type of the primer: rely X ceramic primer (Group I), monobond N primer (Group II), monobond plus primer (Group III), and Z prime plus primer (ZP, Group IV). Each main group was subdivided into five subgroups according to SGO concentrations by weight blended into primers: (1) 0% (control), (2) 0.1%, (3) 0.3%, (4) 0.6%, and (5) 0.9% as each subgroup had 20 specimens. Immediate shear bond strength (SBS) test was done for half of the specimens per each subgroup (10 specimens) by universal testing machine, the other half of the specimens per each subgroup (10 specimens) were exposed to thermocycling for 10,000 cycles that is equivalent to 1 year of clinical use at controlled temperatures (5–55°C) by thermocycler then SBS test by universal testing machine was done. Water contact angle test was done for all specimens per each subgroup (20 specimens) by computer software and an optical tensiometer.

Results
 The SBS was nonsignificantly decreased after thermocycling for all primers embedded with SGO except for ZP primer. The best wettability of ZrO
2
surface was found in (ZP) primer group embedded with (0.9% SGO) with a mean value of 20.60.

Conclusion
 Primers embedded with SGO could increase the wettability of the ZrO
2
surface and bond strength durability between resin cement and ZrO
2
even after thermocycling aging. The clinical significance of this study was the possible increase of the wettability of ZrO
2
surface and SBS of resin cement to ZrO
2
with promising long-term stability when commercial primers embedded with SGO were used. This could reduce the risk of debonding between resin cement and ZrO
2
crowns or veneers.