# Broken Windows Theory-Based Spectator Behavior Scale (BWTSBS): a validity and reliability study

## TL;DR

This study developed and validated a scale to measure spectator behaviors of sports fans based on the Broken Windows Theory.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a new scale (BWTSBS) for assessing spectator behavior grounded in the Broken Windows Theory.

## Key findings

- The scale was tested for validity and reliability using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.
- Goodness-of-fit indices were used to evaluate the model's alignment with the data.
- The sample included diverse sports fans across Turkey to ensure broad representation.

## Abstract

The aim of this study is to develop a scale to measure the spectator behaviors of fans and spectators. For this purpose, the research was conducted in two phases.

The sample of the study consists of 220 fans aged 18 and over who are interested in different sports branches and support various teams across Turkey. Participants were selected from different geographical regions and socio-economic groups to ensure diversity. Stratified sampling method was used in the study. In this method, fans were first stratified according to the sports they support (e.g., soccer, basketball, volleyball) and random samples were selected from each stratum. In this way, it was ensured that each sport branch was represented and the sample better reflected the population.

In the study, Personal Information Form and the Audience Behavior Scale Based on Broken Windows Theory (BWTSBS), which has been validity and reliability study to understand the behaviors of the participants, were used as data collection tools.

In the analysis of the data obtained within the scope of the study, exploratory factor analysis was used for the construct validity of the scale and confirmatory factor analysis was used to verify the structure obtained as a result of this analysis. In this analysis, the extent to which the theoretically determined factor structure overlaps with the data is examined. The goodness of fit indices reveal how well the model fits the data. The CFA used in the study was based on fit criteria such as χ2/df, CFI, GFI, AGFI, NFI, IFI, TLI, RMSEA and RMR to evaluate the fit of the model.