# 17β-estradiol maintains extracellular matrix homeostasis of nucleus pulposus cells by activating p70 S6K1 signaling pathway

## TL;DR

This study shows that 17β-estradiol helps protect against disc degeneration by maintaining cell structure and preventing cell death through a specific signaling pathway.

## Contribution

The study identifies the p70 S6K1 signaling pathway as a novel downstream target of mTOR in estrogen's protective effect on intervertebral disc degeneration.

## Key findings

- E2 supplementation reduced intervertebral disc degeneration in rats.
- E2 activates the p70 S6K1 pathway, maintaining extracellular matrix balance.
- E2 inhibits apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells via p70 S6K1 signaling.

## Abstract

Estrogen can inhibit the apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. However, the downstream of mTOR signaling pathway remains elusive. This study investigates the effect of 17β-estradiol (E2) on intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) through the p70 S6K1 signaling pathway, downstream of mTOR.

The IVDD model of rats was established by needle puncture and bilateral ovariectomy. Fifteen Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the following three groups: (A) Sham surgery group (Sham); (B) Bilateral ovariectomy, 21G needle puncture and carrier injection (OVX + veh); (C) Bilateral ovariectomy, 21G needle puncture, E2 supplementation (OVX + E2). The degree of IVDD was evaluated by X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and Safranin O-Fast Green staining. The expression levels of target protein p70S6K1 and its phosphorylated products were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Finally, Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining were used to investigate the effect of E2 on the p70 S6K1 signaling pathway in vitro.

Histological staining and radiological results showed that E2 supplementation altered signaling, suggesting that it may have a protective effect against IVDD. IHC showed that compared with the Sham and OVX + E2 groups, the level of p70 S6K1 in the OVX + veh group was significantly increased while the expression of phosphorylated products (p-S6) was significantly decreased, suggesting that E2 could inhibit IVDD by activating p70 S6K1 signaling pathway, the downstream of mTOR. Furthermore, cellular immunofluorescence and Western blot showed that E2 can maintain extracellular matrix (ECM) balance and inhibits apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) by activating the p70 S6K1 signaling pathway.

In summary, 17β-estradiol mitigates IVDD progression by maintaining ECM homeostasis and inhibiting NPCs apoptosis through activation of the p70 S6K1 signaling pathway downstream of mTOR.