# Ecological Niche Adaptations Influence Transposable Element Dynamics in Pollinating and Non‐Pollinating Fig Wasps

## TL;DR

This study shows how ecological niches affect transposable element activity in fig wasps, with non-pollinators having more active TEs and pollinators showing stable, dormant TE patterns.

## Contribution

The study reveals how ecological factors like oviposition sites influence TE dynamics and genome evolution in fig wasps.

## Key findings

- Non-pollinating fig wasps have expanding TE landscapes, while pollinators show dormant TE profiles.
- TE abundance in pollinators is limited despite relaxed selection, likely due to smaller population sizes.
- Cis-regulatory modules from TEs near genes involved in environmental processing suggest roles in adaptation.

## Abstract

This study explores how ecological niches influence the dynamics of transposable elements (TEs) in the genomes of pollinating and non‐pollinating fig wasps (NPFWs), and how these ecological factors shape genome evolution. To examine the protective role of fig fruits for pollinators, we compared TE load and dynamics in six pollinating and five NPFW species from six different Ficus species. Phylogenetic analysis was used to assess correlations between genome size, oviposition sites, and TE length. We also analyzed the effects of natural selection and population dynamics on TE accumulation. Significant differences were observed in the total length, number, and types of TEs between pollinators and NPFWs. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that TEs in NPFWs, driven by genome size and oviposition sites, exhibit an expanding state, while pollinators show “dormant” TE landscapes with limited insertions. Despite relaxed selection pressure aimed at prolonging TE retention, pollinators maintain a limited TE abundance, likely due to the contracted population size. Additionally, numerous cis‐regulatory modules derived from TEs are located near genes involved in environmental information processing, emphasizing their potential role in adaptation. Our findings highlight the role of ecological niches, represented by oviposition sites, in shaping the TE dynamics of fig wasps. These results provide new insights into how ecological pressures influence genome evolution and adaptation in insects.

The influence of ecological niches on transposable element (TE) dynamics, particularly in mutualistic relationships, remains understudied. This research reveals that non‐pollinating fig wasps (NPFWs) have “aggressive,” expansion‐driven TE landscapes with active insertions, contrasting with the stable, “dormant” TE profiles in pollinators. These findings underscore how habitat stability and oviposition mode shape TE accumulation, highlighting ecological pressures' role in genome evolution and adaptive potential in insects.