# Bridging the Gap in Rhinoplasty Training: The Effectiveness of 3D Printed Models in Surgical Education

## TL;DR

This study shows that 3D printed models can effectively train surgeons in rhinoplasty, improving their skills before working on real patients or cadavers.

## Contribution

The study introduces and validates a novel 3D printed rhinoplasty training model with demonstrated effectiveness in surgical education.

## Key findings

- All 53 surgeons found the 3D model helpful for learning and development.
- 91% of surgeons rated the model's realism as excellent or very good compared to cadavers.
- Residents showed significant improvement in surgical skills after using the 3D models.

## Abstract

Rhinoplasty is a common facial plastic surgery procedure for both functional and aesthetic indications. The use of 3-dimensional (3D) models has been reported as a potential method for providing hands-on training for learning rhinoplasty without jeopardizing patient care.

The objective of this study was to develop and validate a novel model for rhinoplasty training.

The rhinoplasty models were designed and produced with proprietary 3D printing technology. Face and content validity were assessed during a rhinoplasty course involving 53 surgeons. Criterion validity was evaluated in a training session with 20 surgical residents, measuring improvements in surgical skills after practice with the 3D models, with an objective structured assessment of technical skills (OSAT).

All surgeons (n = 53, 100%) stated that the rhinoplasty model aided in their learning and development. In all, 91% (n = 48) of surgeons rated the realism of the model as excellent or very good in comparison to cadaveric specimens. Assessment of criterion validity showed a statistically significant improvement in OSAT scores among surgical residents, increasing from a baseline of 11.7/40 (SD ± 1.80) to 21.6/40 (SD ± 1.79) post session (P < .0001).

The 3D rhinoplasty models showed good content, face, and criterion validity, objectively improving residents’ surgical performance. Rhinoplasty 3D models may serve as a precadaveric training adjunct, equipping trainees with fundamental skills before cadaveric dissection, or as a primary training modality in countries with limited cadaver access. Therefore the models offer an innovative approach to training the next generation of rhinoplasty surgeons.