# Genetic and morphological variation in the genus Zygogonium (Zygnematophyceae, Charophyta) from localities in Europe and North America and description of Z. angustum, sp. nov

## TL;DR

This study explores genetic and physical differences in the Zygogonium genus from Europe and North America, leading to the discovery of a new species.

## Contribution

The paper describes a new Zygogonium species, Z. angustum, based on genetic and morphological analysis.

## Key findings

- Phylogenetic analysis using the psbC gene identified three main groups and one subgroup within Zygogonium.
- A new species, Z. angustum, was identified based on narrower filaments and distinct aplanospores.
- Morphological and genetic diversity in Zygogonium appears to correlate with habitat and ecological factors.

## Abstract

The globally distributed genus Zygogonium exhibits a narrow environmental range, with 19 morphologically described species. Its molecular characterization is poor, based on a single accession of the type species Z. ericetorum from Austria. We examined the genetic variability, morphology, and ultrastructure of field‐collected Zygogonium material from different sampling sites in Austria, Norway, Ireland, Scotland, and the United States. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial sequences of the psbC gene distinguished three well‐supported groups and one subgroup. AtpB gene sequences collected from a subset of samples also support this result, while rbcL gene data provided lower support. Group 1A contained the type species Z. ericetorum from Obergurgl/Austria and samples from Kühtai/Austria, Norway, and Scotland. The morphology was characterized by wide vegetative filaments (15–31 μm) and the occurrence of aplanospores with purple residue. Group 1B contained Z. cf. ericetorum from Ireland and Ellmau/Austria. Filaments were in a similar size range (12–30 μm) as in group 1A. This group had round unusual akinetes with green or purple content, had one or two chloroplasts, and was surrounded by a thick cell wall; no aplanospores were observed. Group 2 collected from Ireland had narrower filaments (8–12 μm), cells up to six times longer than wide, and contained elongated aplanospores. Therefore, we have described a new species Z. angustum sp. nov. Group 3 contained Z. cf. ericetorum from Norway and the United States, represented by vegetative filaments with an intermediate width (13–20 μm), but no other distinct morphological features. The morphological and genetic variability observed in Zygogonium is possibly related to habitat and ecology.