# Immune Response to Bioluminescence Imaging Reporters in Murine Tumor Models

## TL;DR

This study shows that using a specific bioluminescence reporter in cancer cells does not trigger an immune response in mice, making it suitable for studying tumor-immune interactions.

## Contribution

The study identifies click beetle green luciferase as a non-immunogenic bioluminescence reporter for tumor tracking in immunocompetent mice.

## Key findings

- Red-shifted firefly luciferase increased activated and cytotoxic T cells, suggesting higher immunogenicity.
- Click beetle green luciferase did not alter tumor growth or immune response compared to parental cells.
- Both reporter-expressing cells showed similar in vitro proliferation rates.

## Abstract

Imaging reporters have been widely employed in cancer research to monitor real-time tumor burden and metastatic spread. These tools offer a valuable approach for non-invasive imaging of tumor dynamics over time. With the established understanding that tumor immunology plays a critical role in cancer progression, it is essential to ensure that the chosen imaging reporters used to study tumor-immune interactions do not inadvertently elicit an immune response. This study aimed to investigate the immune response to bioluminescence reporters used for in vivo tracking of tumor cells in immunocompetent murine models.

The in vitro and in vivo growth effects of two stably expressed bioluminescence reporter genes, a red-shifted firefly luciferase and a click beetle green luciferase, were evaluated in four different cancer cell lines. Differences in parental and reporter-expressing cancer cell immune cell composition, activation, and secreted cytokine levels were evaluated using flow cytometry, cytokine arrays and ELISAs.

The data revealed no significant differences in in vitro cell proliferation between parental and reporter cancer cell lines. In vivo subcutaneous tumor growth was not observed in tumor cells stably expressing the red-shifted firefly luciferase. Cells labeled with click beetle green luciferase demonstrated no significant differences in in vivo subcutaneous tumor growth compared to parental cells. Tumor cells expressing red-shifted firefly luciferase induced an increase in activated and cytotoxic T cells compared to parental and click beetle green luciferase, suggesting enhanced immunogenicity. Furthermore, the tumor-immune composition and cytokine production were similar between parental and click beetle green luciferase-labeled tumor cells.

These findings demonstrate that the stable expression of click beetle green luciferase in cancer cells, in contrast to red-shifted firefly luciferase, has minimal immunogenicity and does not alter tumor development in immunocompetent mice. We report detailed characterization studies of bioluminescence reporter cells, providing essential considerations for their use in investigating tumor-immune interactions in syngeneic murine tumor models.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11307-025-02010-7.