# Effects of motor imagery in recovery of nerve blockade in patients undergoing total knee replacement under spinal anesthesia: a randomized prospective controlled study

## TL;DR

This study shows that motor imagery can speed up recovery after spinal anesthesia in knee replacement surgery.

## Contribution

It introduces motor imagery as a non-invasive method to enhance postoperative neural recovery.

## Key findings

- MI group showed faster motor recovery at all time points.
- Superior sensory recovery was observed in the MI group at 60 and 90 minutes.
- No significant difference was found in alcohol cotton test results between groups.

## Abstract

Spinal anesthesia (SA) is widely used for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) due to its advantages in postoperative pain control and reduced opioid use. However, prolonged motor and sensory blockade remains a concern, delaying recovery and increasing patient discomfort. Given the limitations of current pharmacologic and physical therapy strategies in accelerating neural recovery, motor imagery (MI)—a cognitive technique that activates motor and sensory pathways without physical movement—has emerged as a potential neuromodulatory intervention. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of MI combined with active ankle range of motion (ROM) exercises on neural recovery after SA.

In this prospective, randomized controlled trial, 76 female patients undergoing TKA under SA were enrolled and allocated to either an MI group (n = 40), who performed structured MI-ROM exercises during their post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) stay, or a non-MI group (n = 36), who received guided relaxation. Motor and sensory recovery were assessed at 30, 60, and 90 min postoperatively using the modified Bromage scale, pinprick test, and alcohol cotton test.

The MI group demonstrated significantly faster motor recovery at all time points (P = 0.002) and superior sensory recovery via pinprick testing at 60 and 90 min (P = 0.003), while no significant difference was found in alcohol cotton test results (P = 0.314).

These findings suggest that MI is a feasible, non-invasive intervention that may enhance early motor and sensory recovery after SA, supporting its potential role in improving postoperative outcomes in TKA patients.

Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS), KCT0010364, registered on March 28, 2025; retrospectively registered.