# Analysis of Meiotic Behavior and 2n Pollen Formation Frequency in Triploid Hybrids of Chinese Jujube

## TL;DR

This study examines how triploid Chinese jujube hybrids produce 2n pollen, identifying germplasm with high 2n pollen frequency for polyploid breeding.

## Contribution

The study identifies six high-2n-pollen triploid jujube germplasms through meiotic and pollen analysis.

## Key findings

- Triploid hybrid Q161 showed 4.00-4.67% natural 2n pollen production over two years.
- Six elite triploid accessions exhibited 22.52-52.16% 2n pollen frequencies.
- Abnormal meiotic behavior and SEM-observed pollen structures were linked to 2n pollen formation.

## Abstract

The Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), an economically significant fruit tree native to China, is valued for both fresh and dried uses. In plants, 2n gametes serve as the fundamental basis for creating a sexual polyploid germplasm. This study investigated the 2n gametogenesis frequency in triploid hybrid jujubes through meiotic analysis of the hybrid strain Q161 and a two-year pollen analysis on hybrid progeny, assessing the natural 2n pollen frequencies to identify a high-2n-pollen germplasm and revealing the occurrence of 2n pollen. Meiotic analysis of the triploid hybrid Q161 (2n = 36) revealed cytological anomalies, including binucleate cells (22.80% abnormal tetrads), with natural 2n pollen production rates reaching 4.00% and 4.67% over two consecutive years. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the 2n pollen exhibited pronounced exine ornamentation with cerebroid sculpturing and tubercle-like structures at the apertures. Analysis of the triploid progeny for two consecutive years demonstrated a pollen viability of 30.45% and 23.83% (CV: 19. 39–29.69%), with the mean 2n pollen frequencies of 22.52% and 7.64%, peaking at 52.16% and 28.95% in elite individuals. Six triploid germplasm accessions with naturally elevated 2n pollen frequencies were identified. Under natural conditions, a triploid hybrid germplasm in Chinese jujube produces 2n pollen grains due to abnormal meiotic behavior, and a natural triploid germplasm with high pollen productivity was identified. This research provides a critical theoretical foundation for sexual polyploid breeding strategies.