# Symptom heterogeneity in students with mild to severe depression symptomatology and their differential symptom-specific changes during an internet-based, guided cognitive behavioural therapy intervention

## TL;DR

This study examines how students with depression show different symptoms and how these symptoms change during an online therapy program.

## Contribution

The study introduces a symptom-specific approach to understanding depression heterogeneity and treatment response in students.

## Key findings

- Baseline depression symptoms showed substantial variation among students.
- The guided iCBT intervention reduced symptoms, but with varying effect sizes across symptoms.
- Changes in individual symptoms were differentially related to changes in overall quality of life.

## Abstract

Students often report depression and stress symptomatology but may differ in their symptoms and their symptom-specific changes during interventions. This study adopted a symptom-specific approach and examined 1) individual symptoms in students experiencing mild to severe depression symptomatology and 2) changes in individual symptoms during a guided, internet-based intervention. We zoomed in on how these (changes in) symptoms were related to each other and to (changes in) overall quality of life.

This study included 1816 students with mild to severe baseline depression symptomatology, of which 412 activated their account for an eight-week, guided, internet-based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy intervention (Moodpep) and completed the post-treatment assessment. Depression symptomatology was assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire, stress symptomatology with the Perceived Stress Scale and overall quality of life with a single item from the Mental Health Quality of Life questionnaire. Network estimations were conducted to examine the interrelations of (changes in) symptoms.

Mean scores of baseline symptoms differed substantially, and network estimations showed multiple positive connections across symptoms and negative connections of symptoms with overall quality of life. During the intervention, all symptoms reduced significantly, although with differential magnitude, and network estimations showed that changes in symptoms were differentially related to other changes in symptoms and changes in overall quality of life.

Our findings highlight the importance of considering individual symptoms and their interrelations as a more complete and nuanced measure for 1) the heterogeneity of baseline symptomatology and 2) the heterogeneity of changes in symptomatology during an intervention.

•Students often report depression and related symptoms.•Frequencies of these individual symptoms differ substantially.•Moodpep is a guided iCBT intervention for students with depression symptomatology.•Students using this intervention show medium reductions in symptomatology.•Effect sizes differ considerably across individual symptoms.

Students often report depression and related symptoms.

Frequencies of these individual symptoms differ substantially.

Moodpep is a guided iCBT intervention for students with depression symptomatology.

Students using this intervention show medium reductions in symptomatology.

Effect sizes differ considerably across individual symptoms.